GERM Reservoir Database
Development and Maintenance by the EarthRef.org Database Team

	GERM Database Search Results   Save as ... ================== Excel spreadsheet Tab delimited text file   Sort by ... =========== Reservoir Z Element Value Median SD Low High N Unit Reference =========== Default   Units ... ======= ppm ppb ppt wt% wt%ox ======= Default   Reservoir Z Element Value Median SD Low High N Unit Info Reference Source(s) Upper Continental Crust   (Gd/Yb)(N) 1.65             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust   143Nd/144Nd 0.513077             Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust   147Sm/144Nd 0.115             Esser & Turekian 1993 Goldstein & Jacobsen 1988 Goldstein et al. 1984 Upper Continental Crust   147Sm/144Nd 0.116             Esser & Turekian 1993 Goldstein & Jacobsen 1988 Goldstein et al. 1984 Upper Continental Crust   187Os/186Os 10.54   0.12         Esser & Turekian 1993 Upper Continental Crust   187Os/188Os 1.9256             Saal et al. 1998 Esser & Turekian 1993 Upper Continental Crust   187Re/188Os 47.62             Saal et al. 1998 Esser & Turekian 1993 Upper Continental Crust   87Sr/86Sr 0.704636             Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 47 Ag 50           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 47 Ag 55           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 47 Ag 0.055           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 47 Ag 50           ppb Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 47 Ag 55           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 47 Ag 53   3       ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 47 Ag 53           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 15.84           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Ronov & Yaroshevskiy 1976 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 15.27           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke 1889 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 15.65           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke & Washington 1924 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 15.14           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 15.05           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 15.4           wt% Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 15.53           wt%ox Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 16           wt%ox Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 16           wt%ox Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 14.96           wt%ox Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 14.87           wt%ox Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 14.7           wt%ox Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 77440           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 8.04           wt% Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 14.17           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 15.4           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 16.63           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Goldschmidt 1933 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 15.53           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Borodin 1998 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 15.05           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 15.17           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 16.1           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Fahrig & Eade 1968 Upper Continental Crust 13 Al 15.4   0.75       wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust   Al2O3/SiO2 0.23             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Al2O3/SiO2 0.22             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Al2O3/TiO2 27             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Al2O3/TiO2 28             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 33 As 2           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 33 As 4.8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 33 As 4.8   0.5       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 33 As 4.4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 33 As 2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 33 As 5.1           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Sims et al. 1990 Upper Continental Crust 33 As 1.5           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 33 As 1.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 79 Au 1.8           ppb Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 79 Au 1.81           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 79 Au 1.24           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 79 Au 1.5   0.4       ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 79 Au 1.5           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 79 Au 1.8           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 5 B 17   8       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 5 B 9.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 5 B 17           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 5 B 17           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 5 B 15           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 5 B 28           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 5 B 26.2           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 5 B 17           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 5 B 15           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 56 Ba 550           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 56 Ba 624           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 56 Ba 633           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 56 Ba 626           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 56 Ba 700           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 56 Ba 700           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 56 Ba 700           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 56 Ba 16.85           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 56 Ba 628           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 56 Ba 633           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 56 Ba 678           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 56 Ba 550           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 56 Ba 668           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 56 Ba 628   83       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 56 Ba 1070           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 56 Ba 730           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Eade and Fahrig 1973 Upper Continental Crust 56 Ba 668           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust   Ba/La 22             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Ba/La 22             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Ba/Nb 64             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Ba/Nb 61             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Ba/Rb 7.2             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Ba/Rb 7.7             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Ba/Sr 2.3             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Ba/Sr 2.2             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 4 Be 3.1           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 4 Be 2.1           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 4 Be 1.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 4 Be 2.1   0.9       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 4 Be 3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 4 Be 1.95           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 4 Be 2.8           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 4 Be 3           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 4 Be 3.1           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.23           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.035           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.123           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 83 Bi 127           ppb Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.16   0.06       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.123           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.16           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.13           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 35 Br 1.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 35 Br 1.6           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 35 Br 1.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 35 Br 1.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 6 C 2.95           wt%ox Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 6 C 0.8           wt%ox Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 6 C 3240           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 3.59   0.2       wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 3           wt% Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 4.24           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 3.23           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Goldschmidt 1933 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 3.5           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Borodin 1998 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 3.59           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 3.44           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 3.91           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Ronov & Yaroshevskiy 1976 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 3.4           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Fahrig & Eade 1968 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 5.45           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke 1889 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 5.18           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke & Washington 1924 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 3.64           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 4.24           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 3.59           wt% Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 12.88           wt%ox Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 3.5           wt%ox Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 3.5           wt%ox Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 3.55           wt%ox Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 3.6           wt%ox Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 4.1           wt%ox Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 29450           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 20 Ca 4.19           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Upper Continental Crust 48 Cd 0.09           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 48 Cd 0.09   0.01       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 48 Cd 0.075           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 48 Cd 98           ppb Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 48 Cd 0.098           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 48 Cd 0.079           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 48 Cd 0.102           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 48 Cd 0.102           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 58 Ce 63   4       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 58 Ce 63           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 58 Ce 65.7           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 58 Ce 64           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 58 Ce 66.4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 58 Ce 57.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 58 Ce 65.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 58 Ce 63           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 58 Ce 64           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 58 Ce 6.19           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 58 Ce 64           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 58 Ce 59.4           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 58 Ce 57.5           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 58 Ce 65.7           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 58 Ce 64           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust   Ce[n]/Yb[n] 7.4             Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust   CIW 55.4             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   CIW 55.7             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 17 Cl 100           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 17 Cl 370           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 17 Cl 640           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 17 Cl 640           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 17 Cl 142           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 17 Cl 370   382       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 27 Co 17           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 27 Co 11.6           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 27 Co 17.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 27 Co 18           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 27 Co 12           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 27 Co 17.3   0.6       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 27 Co 12           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 27 Co 10           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 27 Co 17           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 27 Co 17.3           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 27 Co 10           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 27 Co 18           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 27 Co 18           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Co/Th 2.1             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Co/Th 2             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 24 Cr 92           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 24 Cr 35           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 24 Cr 104           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 24 Cr 112           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 24 Cr 35           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 24 Cr 25           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 24 Cr 35           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 24 Cr 92           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 24 Cr 112           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 24 Cr 76           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Eade and Fahrig 1973 Upper Continental Crust 24 Cr 35           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 24 Cr 35           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 24 Cr 92   17       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 24 Cr 35           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 24 Cr 85           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 24 Cr 80           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust   Cr/Ni 1.8             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Cr/Ni 1.9             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Cr/Sc 7.8             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Cr/Sc 8.4             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Cr/Th 12             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Cr/Th 12             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Cr/V 1.2             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Cr/V 1.3             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 55 Cs 4.9           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 55 Cs 4.9   1.5       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 55 Cs 5.8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 55 Cs 4.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 55 Cs 73           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Plank & Langmuir 1998 Upper Continental Crust 55 Cs 3.7           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 55 Cs 0.173           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 55 Cs 3.7           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 55 Cs 7.3   0.29       ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Upper Continental Crust 55 Cs 5.8           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 55 Cs 3.55           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 29 Cu 28           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 29 Cu 25           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 29 Cu 14.3           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 29 Cu 25           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 29 Cu 28           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 29 Cu 26           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Eade and Fahrig 1973 Upper Continental Crust 29 Cu 14           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 29 Cu 28   4       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 29 Cu 14           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 29 Cu 25           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 29 Cu 32           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust   d11B 0.8             Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust   d18O 9.96             Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 66 Dy 2.9           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 66 Dy 3.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 66 Dy 2.9           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 66 Dy 3.5           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 66 Dy 2.9           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 66 Dy 3.5           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 66 Dy 3.9           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 66 Dy 3.9           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 66 Dy 3.9           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust   e-Nd -11.4             Esser & Turekian 1993 Goldstein & Jacobsen 1988 Goldstein et al. 1984 Upper Continental Crust   e-Nd -10.2             Esser & Turekian 1993 Goldstein & Jacobsen 1988 Goldstein et al. 1984 Upper Continental Crust 68 Er 2.3           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 68 Er 2.3           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 68 Er 2.3           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 68 Er 2.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 68 Er 2.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 68 Er 2.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 63 Eu 0.88           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 63 Eu 0.88           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 63 Eu 1.05           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 63 Eu 1.05           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 63 Eu 0.95           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 63 Eu 0.88           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 63 Eu 0.93           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 63 Eu 1           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 63 Eu 0.937           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 63 Eu 1.05           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 63 Eu 1.21           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 63 Eu 0.88           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 63 Eu 0.95           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 63 Eu 1   0.1       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 63 Eu 1           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust   Eu/Eu* 0.871             Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust   Eu/Eu* 0.66             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Upper Continental Crust   Eu/Eu* 0.65             Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust   Eu/Eu* 0.7             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Eu/Eu* 0.74             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Eu/Eu* 0.72             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust   Eu/Sr 0.0031             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 9 F 557   56       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 9 F 500           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 9 F 557           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 9 F 611           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 9 F 561           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 9 F 586           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Upper Continental Crust 9 F 611           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 4.4           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Fahrig & Eade 1968 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 3.5           wt% Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 4.49           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 4.09           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 6.99           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Goldschmidt 1933 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 4.94           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Borodin 1998 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 5.04           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 5.33           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 5.78           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Ronov & Yaroshevskiy 1976 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 7.26           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke 1889 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 6.7           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke & Washington 1924 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 4.76           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 4.09           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 5.04           wt% Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 9.02           wt%ox Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 4.5           wt%ox Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 4.5           wt%ox Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 4.68           wt%ox Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 4.7           wt%ox Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 4.409           wt%ox Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 30890           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 26 Fe 5.04   0.53       wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 31 Ga 17.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 31 Ga 14           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 31 Ga 17.5   0.7       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 31 Ga 14           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 31 Ga 17           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 31 Ga 18           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 31 Ga 17.5           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 31 Ga 16           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 31 Ga 114           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 31 Ga 17           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 64 Gd 2.8           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 64 Gd 3.8           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 64 Gd 4.21           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 64 Gd 4.45           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 64 Gd 3.8           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 64 Gd 4           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 64 Gd 4.21           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 64 Gd 4   0.3       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 64 Gd 4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 64 Gd 2.8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 64 Gd 3.8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 32 Ge 1.6           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 32 Ge 1.4           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 32 Ge 1.34           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 32 Ge 1.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 32 Ge 1.4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 32 Ge 1.4   0.1       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 32 Ge 1.4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 1 H 2.68           wt%ox Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 1 H 1           wt%ox Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 72 Hf 5.8           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 72 Hf 5.8           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 72 Hf 4.3           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 72 Hf 4.4           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 72 Hf 5.8           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 72 Hf 5.8           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 72 Hf 5.12           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 72 Hf 5.8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 72 Hf 4.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 72 Hf 5.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 72 Hf 5.8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 72 Hf 5.3   0.7       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 72 Hf 5.8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 72 Hf 5.3           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 80 Hg 0.096           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 80 Hg 0.056           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 80 Hg 0.0123           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 80 Hg 0.05   0.04       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 80 Hg 0.056           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 80 Hg 0.05           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 67 Ho 0.62           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 67 Ho 0.83           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 67 Ho 0.83           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 67 Ho 0.8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 67 Ho 0.8           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 67 Ho 0.83           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 67 Ho 0.8           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 67 Ho 0.62           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 67 Ho 0.62           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 53 I 1.4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 53 I 1.4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 53 I 1.4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 53 I 1.4           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 49 In 0.056           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 49 In 0.056   0.008       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 49 In 0.061           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 49 In 0.05           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 49 In 0.061           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 49 In 50           ppb Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 77 Ir 0.022           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 77 Ir 0.022   0.007       ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 77 Ir 0.02           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 77 Ir 0.022           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Peucker-Eherenbrink & Jahn 2001 Upper Continental Crust 77 Ir 0.02           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 77 Ir 0.02           ppb Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 2.8   0.23       wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 19 K 3.19           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 4.13           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Goldschmidt 1933 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 3.01           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Borodin 1998 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 2.8           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 2.68           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 3.01           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Ronov & Yaroshevskiy 1976 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 2.91           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Fahrig & Eade 1968 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 3.19           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke & Washington 1924 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 2.99           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke 1889 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 2.76           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 3.19           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 3.39           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 2.8           wt% Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 0.56           wt%ox Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 4805           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 3.3           wt%ox Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 3.3           wt%ox Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 2.85           wt%ox Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 2.73           wt%ox Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 3.1           wt%ox Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 28650           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 19 K 2.8           wt% Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust   K/Rb 249             Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust   K/Rb 272             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   K/Rb 275             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   K/Rb 250             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Upper Continental Crust   K/U 10             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Upper Continental Crust   K2O/Na2O 0.78             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   K2O/Na2O 0.83             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 57 La 32.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 57 La 30           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 57 La 32.3           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 57 La 28.4           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 57 La 29           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 57 La 30           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 57 La 1.97           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 57 La 30           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 57 La 31           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 57 La 32.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 57 La 31   3       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 57 La 71           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Eade and Fahrig 1973 Upper Continental Crust 57 La 31           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 57 La 30           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 57 La 34.8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 57 La 28.4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   La/Nb 1.2             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Upper Continental Crust   La/Sc 2.1             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   La/Sc 2.2             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   La/Ta 36             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   La/Ta 35             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   La/Th 3.2             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   La/Th 3.3             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 9             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.7             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.3             Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 3 Li 20           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 3 Li 22           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 3 Li 20           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 3 Li 20           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 3 Li 20           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 3 Li 22           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 3 Li 21           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 3 Li 24   5       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 3 Li 22           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 71 Lu 0.34           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 71 Lu 0.32           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 71 Lu 0.27           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 71 Lu 0.32           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 71 Lu 0.44           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 71 Lu 0.31           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 71 Lu 0.233           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 71 Lu 0.32           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 71 Lu 0.31           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 71 Lu 0.32           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 71 Lu 0.35           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 71 Lu 0.32           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 71 Lu 0.27           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 71 Lu 0.31   0.05       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust   Lu/Hf 0.074             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Lu/Hf 0.076             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 2.48   0.35       wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 1.33           wt% Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 2.3           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 3.47           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Goldschmidt 1933 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 2.1           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Borodin 1998 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 2.48           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 2.62           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 3.01           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Ronov & Yaroshevskiy 1976 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 2.2           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Fahrig & Eade 1968 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 4.59           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke 1889 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 3.56           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke & Washington 1924 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 2.45           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 2.3           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 2.48           wt% Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 6.66           wt%ox Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 56.82             Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 2.3           wt%ox Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 2.3           wt%ox Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 2.46           wt%ox Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 2.42           wt%ox Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 2.4           wt%ox Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 13510           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 12 Mg 2.2           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Upper Continental Crust   Mg# 48.1             Rudnick & Gao 2004 Ronov & Yaroshevskiy 1976 Upper Continental Crust   Mg# 46.7             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust   Mg# 46.6             Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Upper Continental Crust   Mg# 53             Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke & Washington 1924 Upper Continental Crust   Mg# 48.7             Rudnick & Gao 2004 Goldschmidt 1933 Upper Continental Crust   Mg# 47.4             Rudnick & Gao 2004 Fahrig & Eade 1968 Upper Continental Crust   Mg# 47.9             Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Mg# 46.7             Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust   Mg# 50.1             Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust   Mg# 46.7             Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust   Mg# 4             Rudnick & Gao 2004 Borodin 1998 Upper Continental Crust   Mg# 46.9             Rudnick & Gao 2004 Goldschmidt 1933 Upper Continental Crust   Mg# 50.1             Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Upper Continental Crust 25 Mn 0.17           wt%ox Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 25 Mn 0.1   0.01       wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 25 Mn 0.08           wt%ox Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 25 Mn 527           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 25 Mn 600           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 25 Mn 0.08           wt%ox Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 25 Mn 0.07           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Upper Continental Crust 25 Mn 0.07           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Upper Continental Crust 25 Mn 0.12           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Goldschmidt 1933 Upper Continental Crust 25 Mn 0           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Borodin 1998 Upper Continental Crust 25 Mn 0.1           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 25 Mn 0.1           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 25 Mn 0.1           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Ronov & Yaroshevskiy 1976 Upper Continental Crust 25 Mn 0.1           wt% Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 25 Mn 0.07           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 25 Mn 0.12           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke & Washington 1924 Upper Continental Crust 25 Mn 0.1           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke 1889 Upper Continental Crust 25 Mn 0.08           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Fahrig & Eade 1968 Upper Continental Crust 42 Mo 1.5           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 42 Mo 1.4           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 42 Mo 1.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Sims et al. 1990 Upper Continental Crust 42 Mo 0.78           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 42 Mo 1.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 42 Mo 1.4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 42 Mo 1.1   0.3       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 42 Mo 1.1           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 7 N 83           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 7 N 83           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 7 N 83           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 7 N 93           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 2.89           wt% Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 2.9           wt%ox Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 3.27   0.48       wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 3.89           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 3.56           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 2.15           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Goldschmidt 1933 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 3.21           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Borodin 1998 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 3.27           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 2.86           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 2.81           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Ronov & Yaroshevskiy 1976 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 3.9           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Fahrig & Eade 1968 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 3.92           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke & Washington 1924 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 3.29           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke 1889 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 3.55           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 3.56           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 3.27           wt% Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 2.07           wt%ox Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 3.8           wt%ox Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 3.8           wt%ox Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 3.43           wt%ox Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 3.51           wt%ox Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 3.1           wt%ox Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 11 Na 25670           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 26           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 25           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 12           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 26           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 12   1       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 26           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 12           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 13.7           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Plank & Langmuir 1998 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 12           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 9.8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 12           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 25           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 3           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 25           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 10.3           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 9.8           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 13.7   0.92       ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Upper Continental Crust   Nb/Ta 13             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Nb/Ta 12             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 60 Nd 6.76           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 60 Nd 26           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 60 Nd 26.9           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 60 Nd 25.6           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 60 Nd 25.9           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 60 Nd 26           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 60 Nd 27   2       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 60 Nd 27           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 60 Nd 26           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 60 Nd 30.4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 60 Nd 25.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 60 Nd 25.9           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 60 Nd 27           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 60 Nd 26           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 28 Ni 44           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 28 Ni 18.6           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 28 Ni 47           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 28 Ni 60           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 28 Ni 19           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Eade and Fahrig 1973 Upper Continental Crust 28 Ni 19           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 28 Ni 47   11       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 28 Ni 19           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 28 Ni 20           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 28 Ni 38           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 28 Ni 47           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 28 Ni 20           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 28 Ni 20           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 28 Ni 20           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 28 Ni 60           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 28 Ni 56           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Ni/Co 3.1             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Ni/Co 3.3             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 76 Os 0.031           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 76 Os 0.031   0.009       ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 76 Os 0.05           ppb Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 76 Os 0.031           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Peucker-Eherenbrink & Jahn 2001 Upper Continental Crust 76 Os 50           ppt Saal et al. 1998 Esser & Turekian 1993 Upper Continental Crust 76 Os 0.05           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 0.15   0.02       wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 15 P 0.15           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 0.23           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Goldschmidt 1933 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 0           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Borodin 1998 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 0.15           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 0.16           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 0.16           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Ronov & Yaroshevskiy 1976 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 0.16           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Fahrig & Eade 1968 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 0.31             Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke & Washington 1924 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 0.23             Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke 1889 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 0.15           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 0.12           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 0.2           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 0.15           wt% Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 0.11           wt%ox Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 0.17           wt%ox Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 0.12           wt%ox Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 0.12           wt%ox Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 0.17           wt%ox Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 665           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 15 P 700           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 18           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Eade and Fahrig 1973 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 117           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb       15 20   ppm Rudnick & Goldstein 1990 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 17           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 18           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 20           ppm Rudnick & Goldstein 1990 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 23.5           ppm Rudnick & Goldstein 1990 Zartman & Doe 1981 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 13           ppm Rudnick & Goldstein 1990 Davies 1984 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 15           ppm Rudnick & Goldstein 1990 Newsom et al. 1986 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 15           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 15           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 0.69           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 17           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 17           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 17           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 18           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 17           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 17           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 20           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 17           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 82 Pb 17   0.5       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 46 Pd 1.46           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 46 Pd 0.5           ppb Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 46 Pd 0.52   0.02       ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 46 Pd 0.52           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Peucker-Eherenbrink & Jahn 2001 Upper Continental Crust 46 Pd 0.52           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 46 Pd 0.5           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 59 Pr 7.1           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 59 Pr 7.1           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 59 Pr 7.1           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 59 Pr 7.1           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 59 Pr 7.1           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 59 Pr 6.3           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 59 Pr 7.1           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 59 Pr 6.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 78 Pt 0.5   0.5       ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 78 Pt 0.51           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Peucker-Eherenbrink & Jahn 2001 Upper Continental Crust 78 Pt 0.5           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 37 Rb 84           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 37 Rb 110           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 37 Rb 112           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 37 Rb 110           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 37 Rb 83           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 37 Rb 87           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 37 Rb 110           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 37 Rb 110           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 37 Rb 9.04           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 37 Rb 83           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 37 Rb 85           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Eade and Fahrig 1973 Upper Continental Crust 37 Rb 84   17       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 37 Rb 110           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 37 Rb 112           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 37 Rb 82           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 37 Rb 82           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust   Rb/Ba 0.13             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust   Rb/Cs 52.3             Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust   Rb/Cs 20             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Upper Continental Crust   Rb/Sr 0.32             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Upper Continental Crust   Rb/Sr 0.29             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Rb/Sr 0.32             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Rb/Sr 0.314             Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust   Rb/Sr 0.25             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 75 Re 0.198           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 75 Re 0.198           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 75 Re 0.4           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 75 Re 0.198           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Peucker-Eherenbrink & Jahn 2001 Upper Continental Crust 75 Re 400           ppt Saal et al. 1998 Esser & Turekian 1993 Upper Continental Crust 75 Re 0.4           ppb Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 44 Ru 0.34           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 44 Ru 0.34           ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Peucker-Eherenbrink & Jahn 2001 Upper Continental Crust 44 Ru 0.34   0.02       ng/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 16 S 62   33       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 16 S 600           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 16 S 621           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 16 S 953           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 16 S 309           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 16 S 1037           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Upper Continental Crust 16 S 953           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 51 Sb 0.4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 51 Sb 0.4   0.1       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 51 Sb 0.31           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 51 Sb 0.2           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 51 Sb 0.45           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Sims et al. 1990 Upper Continental Crust 51 Sb 0.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 51 Sb 0.31           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 51 Sb 0.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 21 Sc 13.4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 21 Sc 7           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 21 Sc 14           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 21 Sc 14   0.9       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 21 Sc 7           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 21 Sc 13.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 21 Sc 11           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 21 Sc 12           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Eade and Fahrig 1973 Upper Continental Crust 21 Sc 14           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 21 Sc 10           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 21 Sc 13.4           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 21 Sc 13.3           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 21 Sc 7           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 21 Sc 15           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 34 Se 0.09           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 34 Se 0.09   0.05       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 34 Se 0.083           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 34 Se 50           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 34 Se 0.15           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 34 Se 0.083           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 34 Se 0.05           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 66.2           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Fahrig & Eade 1968 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 30.8           wt% Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 66.8           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 65.89           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 67.12           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Borodin 1998 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 62.22           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Goldschmidt 1933 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 66.62           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 67.97           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 64.8           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Ronov & Yaroshevskiy 1976 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 60.2           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke 1889 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 60.3           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke & Washington 1924 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 66.8           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 67           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 66.6           wt% Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 45.8           wt%ox Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 66           wt%ox Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 66           wt%ox Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 66.21           wt%ox Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 66.33           wt%ox Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 64           wt%ox Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 303480           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 14 Si 66.6   1.18       wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 62 Sm 4.7   0.3       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 62 Sm 4.7           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 62 Sm 4.5           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 62 Sm 4.7           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 62 Sm 4.7           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 62 Sm 4.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 62 Sm 5.09           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 62 Sm 4.59           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 62 Sm 4.61           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 62 Sm 4.7           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 62 Sm 2.552           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 62 Sm 4.5           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 62 Sm 4.5           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 62 Sm 4.83           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 62 Sm 4.59           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Sm/Nd 0.179             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Sm/Nd 0.179             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Sm/Nd 0.17             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Upper Continental Crust 50 Sn 1.73           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 50 Sn 5.5           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 50 Sn 2.5           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 50 Sn 5.5           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 50 Sn 2.1           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 50 Sn 2.1   0.5       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 50 Sn 2.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 50 Sn 5.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 38 Sr 350           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 38 Sr 316           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 38 Sr 289           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 38 Sr 320           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 38 Sr 316           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 38 Sr 289           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 38 Sr 380           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Eade and Fahrig 1973 Upper Continental Crust 38 Sr 320   46       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 38 Sr 316           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 38 Sr 350           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 38 Sr 266           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 38 Sr 320           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 38 Sr 117.5           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 38 Sr 350           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 38 Sr 350           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 38 Sr 350           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 38 Sr 269           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Sr/Nd 13             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Upper Continental Crust   Sr/Nd 11.85             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust   Sr/Sr* 1.01             Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 73 Ta 0.9           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 73 Ta 1.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 73 Ta 0.9   0.1       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 73 Ta 1           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 73 Ta 0.96           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Plank & Langmuir 1998 Upper Continental Crust 73 Ta 0.74           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 73 Ta 2.2           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 73 Ta 5.7           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 73 Ta 0.9           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 73 Ta 0.82           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 73 Ta 0.79           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 73 Ta 0.96   0.12       ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Upper Continental Crust 73 Ta 1.5           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 73 Ta 0.79           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 65 Tb 0.7   0.1       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 65 Tb 0.64           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 65 Tb 0.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 65 Tb 0.64           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 65 Tb 0.82           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 65 Tb 0.66           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 65 Tb 0.481           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 65 Tb 0.7           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 65 Tb 0.75           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 65 Tb 0.64           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 65 Tb 0.64           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 65 Tb 0.69           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 65 Tb 0.66           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 65 Tb 0.5           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 65 Tb 0.7           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Eade and Fahrig 1973 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.7           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.3           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 8.6           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 9.1           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.5           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.5           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.5           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 0.0723           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.5   1       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.7           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 8.95           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 8.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.5           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust   Th/Nb 0.88             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Th/Nb 0.88             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Th/Sc 0.68             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Th/Sc 0.65             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Th/U 4.2             Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust   Th/U 3.8             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Upper Continental Crust   Th/U 3.8             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Th/U 0.225             Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust   Th/U 3.9             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.57           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke 1889 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 3117           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.76   0.043       wt%ox Plank & Langmuir 1998 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.59           wt%ox Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.54           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Fahrig & Eade 1968 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.64   0.08       wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.5           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.54           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.6           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Borodin 1998 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.83           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Goldschmidt 1933 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.64           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.67           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.55           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Ronov & Yaroshevskiy 1976 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.3           wt% Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 1.07           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Clarke & Washington 1924 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.54           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.56           wt% Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.64           wt% Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 1.12           wt%ox Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.6           wt%ox Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.6           wt%ox Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.55           wt%ox Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 22 Ti 0.54           wt%ox Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Ti/Gd 41             Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust   Ti/Ti* 0.804             Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust   Ti/Zr 20             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Ti/Zr 20             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 81 Tl 1           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 81 Tl 0.75           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 81 Tl 750           ppb Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 81 Tl 0.9           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 81 Tl 0.75           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 81 Tl 0.9   0.5       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 81 Tl 0.75           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 81 Tl 1.55           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 81 Tl 0.524           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 69 Tm 0.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 69 Tm 0.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 69 Tm 0.33           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 69 Tm 0.3           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 69 Tm 0.33           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 69 Tm 0.33           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 92 U 2.7           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 92 U 1.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Eade and Fahrig 1973 Upper Continental Crust 92 U 2.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 92 U 2.7   0.6       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 92 U 2.8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 92 U 1.55           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 92 U 2.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 92 U 2.45           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 92 U 2.7           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 92 U 0.321           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 92 U 2.5           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 92 U 2.5           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 92 U 2.5           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 92 U 2.4           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 92 U 2.2           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 92 U 2.5           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 92 U 2.8           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust   U/Pb 0.14             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Upper Continental Crust   U/Pb 0.465             Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 23 V 86           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 23 V 59           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Eade and Fahrig 1973 Upper Continental Crust 23 V 53           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 23 V 97           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 23 V 97   11       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 23 V 53           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 23 V 107           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 23 V 98           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 23 V 97           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 23 V 60           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 23 V 86           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 23 V 86           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 23 V 53           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 23 V 60           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 74 W 1.9           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 74 W 1.4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 74 W 1.9   1       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 74 W 2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 74 W 3.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Sims et al. 1990 Upper Continental Crust 74 W 0.91           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 74 W 1.5           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 74 W 1.4           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 74 W 2           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 39 Y 21           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 39 Y 21           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 39 Y 24           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 39 Y 21           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Eade and Fahrig 1973 Upper Continental Crust 39 Y 21   2       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 39 Y 21           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 39 Y 22           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 39 Y 17.4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 39 Y 21           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 39 Y 32           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 39 Y 22           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 39 Y 22           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 39 Y 25           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 39 Y 24           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 39 Y 20.7           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 39 Y 22           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.96   0.4       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.26           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.91           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.47           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.82           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.02           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.91           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.5           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 30 Zn 52           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 30 Zn 67   6       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 30 Zn 60           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Eade and Fahrig 1973 Upper Continental Crust 30 Zn 52           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 30 Zn 67           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 30 Zn 71           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 30 Zn 70           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 30 Zn 67           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 30 Zn 52           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 30 Zn 52           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 30 Zn 71           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 40 Zr 237           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 40 Zr 193   28       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 40 Zr 190           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Eade and Fahrig 1973 Upper Continental Crust 40 Zr 237           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 40 Zr 193           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 40 Zr 190           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 40 Zr 190           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 40 Zr 237           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 40 Zr 160           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 40 Zr 162           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 40 Zr 240           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 40 Zr 240           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 40 Zr 188           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 40 Zr 160           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 40 Zr 193           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 40 Zr 67           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust   Zr/Hf 37             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Zr/Hf 37             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Zr/Hf 33             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Upper Continental Crust   Zr/Nb 16             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Zr/Nb 16             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Zr/Y 6.4             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Zr/Y 6.7             Condie 1993