GERM Reservoir Database
Development and Maintenance by the EarthRef.org Database Team

	GERM Database Search Results   Save as ... ================== Excel spreadsheet Tab delimited text file   Sort by ... =========== Reservoir Z Element Value Median SD Low High N Unit Reference =========== Default   Units ... ======= ppm ppb ppt wt% wt%ox ======= Default   Reservoir Z Element Value Median SD Low High N Unit Info Reference Source(s) Primitive Mantle 100       120000 260000     Hofmann & White 1983 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 55 Cs       8 17   ppb Hofmann & White 1983 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 47 Ag 8           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 47 Ag 4           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 47 Ag 4           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.8           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.45           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 18670           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 3.2           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Ringwood 1979 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.31           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.2           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.06           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 3.64           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.45           wt%ox McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.75           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 2.37           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.44           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.06           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.49   0.37       wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.75           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 3.97           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.4           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 23800   1904       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.49           wt% Walter 2004 Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.09           wt% Walter 2004 Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.06           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 2.35   0.235       wt% McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.09           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.1           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 3.3           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Ringwood 1979 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.44           wt% Workman & Hart 2005 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.06           wt%ox Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.09           wt%ox Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 3.97           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 3.817           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 3.65           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.4           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Green et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 13 Al   4.45         wt%ox McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 4.45           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 13 Al 2.36           wt% McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle   Al/Si 0.1             Pearson et al. 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle   Al/Si 0.12             Pearson et al. 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle   Al/Si 0.11             Pearson et al. 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle   Al/Si 0.1             Pearson et al. 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 33 As 0.066   0.0462       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Sims et al. 1990 Primitive Mantle 33 As 0.05           ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 33 As 66           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Sims et al. 1990 Primitive Mantle 79 Au 0.88   0.0968       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Kallemeyn et al. 1989 Primitive Mantle 79 Au 0.88           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Kallemeyn et al. 1989 Primitive Mantle 79 Au 1           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 5 B 0.26           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Chaussidon & Jambon 1994 Primitive Mantle 5 B 0.26   0.104       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Chaussidon & Jambon 1994 Primitive Mantle 5 B 0.3           ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 56 Ba 6600   660       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 56 Ba 6.9           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 56 Ba 6.05           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 56 Ba 17.9           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 56 Ba 6.049           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 56 Ba 7.9           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Larimer 1971 Primitive Mantle 56 Ba 5.5           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Shaw 1972 Primitive Mantle 56 Ba 7.7           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Ganapathy & Anders 1974 Primitive Mantle 56 Ba 8.4           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Ringwood & Kesson 1977 Primitive Mantle 56 Ba 7.3           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Smith 1977 Primitive Mantle 56 Ba 7.1           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Sun & Nesbitt 1977 Primitive Mantle 56 Ba 2.2           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Palme et al. 1981 Primitive Mantle 56 Ba 6.9           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 56 Ba 6750   1012.5       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 56 Ba 6.75           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 56 Ba 6.9           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Primitive Mantle 56 Ba 7.6           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Jacobsen & Wasserburg 1979 Primitive Mantle   Ba/Rb 11.3             Gao et al. 1998 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle   Ba/Rb 9.9             Hofmann & White 1983 Ringwood & Kesson 1977 Primitive Mantle   Ba/Rb 12.6             Hofmann & White 1983 Larimer 1971 Primitive Mantle   Ba/Rb 9.3             Hofmann & White 1983 Shaw 1972 Primitive Mantle   Ba/Rb 8.8             Hofmann & White 1983 Ganapathy & Anders 1974 Primitive Mantle   Ba/Rb 11.3             Hofmann & White 1983 Primitive Mantle   Ba/Rb 10             Hofmann & White 1983 Smith 1977 Primitive Mantle   Ba/Rb 10.4             Hofmann & White 1983 Sun & Nesbitt 1977 Primitive Mantle   Ba/Rb 8.5             Hofmann & White 1983 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle   Ba/Rb 12.1             Hofmann & White 1983 Jacobsen & Wasserburg 1979 Primitive Mantle   Ba/Th 74             Gao et al. 1998 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 4 Be 0.07           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 4 Be 0.068   0.0136       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 4 Be 0.07   0.007       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 83 Bi 5           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 83 Bi 2.5   0.75       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 35 Br 0.05           ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 35 Br 0.075   0.0375       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Jambon et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 6 C 100           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Zhang & Zindler 1993 Primitive Mantle 6 C 120           ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 23110           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.55           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 2.53   0.253       wt% McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.54           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 2.61           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.21           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.65   0.31       wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 4.36           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.5           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.5           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 26100   2088       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.7           wt% Walter 2004 Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.23           wt% Walter 2004 Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.27           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 4.4           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.5           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.23           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.5           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.1           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Ringwood 1979 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.54           wt% Workman & Hart 2005 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.21           wt%ox Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.232           wt%ox Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.5           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 2.89           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 2.9           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.4           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Green et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca   3.6         wt%ox McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.6           wt%ox McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.6           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 4.36           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.078           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.21           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.54           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.5           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 20 Ca 3.1           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Ringwood 1979 Primitive Mantle   Ca/Al 1.07   0.001         Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle   Ca/Al   1.09           McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle   CaO/Al2O3 0.79             Walter 2004 Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle   CaO/Al2O3 0.82             Walter 2004 Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle   CaO/Al2O3 0.8             Workman & Hart 2005 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 48 Cd 64           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 48 Cd 40   12       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 48 Cd 64           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 58 Ce 1786   178.6       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 58 Ce 1785           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 58 Ce 1.6011           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 58 Ce 1.436           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 58 Ce 1.8           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 58 Ce 1.4           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 58 Ce 1675   168       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 58 Ce 1.73           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 58 Ce 1.86           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 58 Ce   1.83         ppm McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 58 Ce 1.4           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 58 Ce 0.93           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 58 Ce 1.6           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 58 Ce 1.56           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 17 Cl 17           ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 17 Cl 30   12       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Jambon et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 27 Co 102           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 27 Co 0.013           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 27 Co 0.012           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 27 Co 0.013           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 27 Co 105   10.5       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 27 Co 104           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 27 Co   105         ppm McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 27 Co 104           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 27 Co 104           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 27 Co 102   5.1       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 2520           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.47           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 2625   393.75       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.43           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.46           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.37           wt% Walter 2004 Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 2520   252       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.38           wt% Walter 2004 Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.38           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.38           wt% Workman & Hart 2005 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.38           wt%ox Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.46           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.342           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.44           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.45           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Green et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr   0.38         wt%ox McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.38           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.43           wt%ox McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.43           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.44           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.468           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.44           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.44           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.4           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Ringwood 1979 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 2500           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 3465           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 24 Cr 0.384           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle   Cr/Mn 2.5             McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle   Cr/V 32             McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 55 Cs 24           ppb Hofmann & White 1983 Sun & Nesbitt 1977 Primitive Mantle 55 Cs 13           ppb Hofmann & White 1983 Smith 1977 Primitive Mantle 55 Cs 31           ppb Hofmann & White 1983 Ringwood & Kesson 1977 Primitive Mantle 55 Cs 88           ppb Hofmann & White 1983 Ganapathy & Anders 1974 Primitive Mantle 55 Cs 13           ppb Hofmann & White 1983 Larimer 1971 Primitive Mantle 55 Cs 0.19           ppb Hofmann & White 1983 Palme et al. 1981 Primitive Mantle 55 Cs 21   8.4       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 55 Cs 18           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 McDonough et al. 1992 Primitive Mantle 55 Cs 18   9       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 McDonough et al. 1992 Primitive Mantle 55 Cs 0.0268           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 55 Cs 7.7           ppb Hofmann & White 1983 Primitive Mantle 55 Cs 0.0268           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 29 Cu 20           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill 1991 Primitive Mantle 29 Cu 20   10       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill 1991 Primitive Mantle 29 Cu 28           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 29 Cu 35           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 29 Cu 6.4           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 29 Cu 30   4.5       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 66 Dy 711           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 66 Dy 711   71.1       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 66 Dy 0.6378           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 66 Dy 0.572           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 66 Dy 0.721           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 66 Dy 674   67.4       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 66 Dy 0.766           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 66 Dy 0.746           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 66 Dy 0.57           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 66 Dy 0.638           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 66 Dy 0.56           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 66 Dy 0.625           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 68 Er 0.41           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 68 Er 0.473           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 68 Er 0.374           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 68 Er 0.4167           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 68 Er 0.46           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 68 Er 465           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 68 Er 438   43.8       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 68 Er 0.49           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 68 Er 465   46.5       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 63 Eu 0.171           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 63 Eu   0.168         ppm McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 63 Eu 0.13           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 63 Eu 0.14           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 63 Eu 0.146           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 63 Eu 0.17           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 63 Eu 0.188           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 63 Eu 0.143           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 63 Eu 0.13           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 63 Eu 0.168           ppm McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 63 Eu 0.165           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 63 Eu 154   15.4       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 63 Eu 0.1456           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 63 Eu 162   16.2       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 63 Eu 162           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 63 Eu 0.131           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 9 F 25   10       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 9 F 13.5           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 9 F 19           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 9 F 25           ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 7.54           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 7.8           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 7.49           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 7.5           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 7.7           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 7.49           wt% Walter 2004 Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 6.3   0.063       wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 8.1           wt% Walter 2004 Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe             wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 8.1           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 8.03           wt% Workman & Hart 2005 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 7.54           wt%ox Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 7.82           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 7.485           wt%ox Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 7.86           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 8           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 7.6           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Green et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe   8.4         wt%ox McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 8           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 8.4           wt%ox McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 7.7           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 8           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 8           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Ringwood 1979 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 7.58           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 8.17           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 8           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Ringwood 1979 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 64150           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 8.05           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 6.26   0.626       wt% McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 6.3           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 8.05           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 7.54           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 8.1   0.05       wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 7.7           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 26 Fe 7.82           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle   Fe/Al 2.683   0.01         Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle   Fe/Al 2.7             McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle   Fe/Co 620             McDonough 1991 Primitive Mantle   Fe/Cr 23.8             McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle   Fe/Cr 25             McDonough 1991 Primitive Mantle   Fe/Mg 0.255   0.005         Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle   Fe/Mn 61             McDonough 1991 Primitive Mantle   Fe/Ni 35             McDonough 1991 Primitive Mantle   Fe/Ni 31.9             McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle   FeO/Ni 44             McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun & McDonough 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 31 Ga 3.9           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 31 Ga 3.4           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 31 Ga 3.7           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 31 Ga   3.9         ppm McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 31 Ga 4   0.4       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 31 Ga 4           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 31 Ga 4.4   0.22       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 31 Ga 3           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 31 Ga 4.4           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 31 Ga 0.03             Hofmann & White 1983 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 64 Gd   0.595         ppm McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 64 Gd 0.44           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 64 Gd 0.605           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 64 Gd 0.74           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 64 Gd 0.506           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 64 Gd 0.584           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 64 Gd 0.459           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 64 Gd 0.5128           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 64 Gd 571   57.1       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 64 Gd 571           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 64 Gd 544   54.4       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 64 Gd 0.5           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 64 Gd 0.513           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 32 Ge 1.2           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 32 Ge 1.2   0.24       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 32 Ge 1.1   0.165       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 1 H 0.012   0.0024       wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 72 Hf 283   28.3       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 72 Hf 0.26           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 72 Hf 0.268           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 72 Hf 0.34           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 72 Hf 300   30       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 72 Hf 0.31           ppm McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 72 Hf 0.2676           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 72 Hf 300           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 72 Hf 0.2           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 80 Hg 6           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 80 Hg 10           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 67 Ho 0.181           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 67 Ho 0.14           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 67 Ho 0.161           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 67 Ho 0.128           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 67 Ho 149   14.9       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 67 Ho 159   23.85       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 67 Ho 159           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 67 Ho 0.167           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 67 Ho 0.1423           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 53 I 7           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 53 I 10           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 49 In 11   4.4       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 49 In 13   5.2       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Yi et al. 2000 Primitive Mantle 49 In 13           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Yi et al. 2000 Primitive Mantle 77 Ir   3.3         ppm McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 77 Ir 3.2   0.32       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Morgan et al. 2001 Primitive Mantle 77 Ir 3.2   0.96       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 77 Ir 3.2           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Morgan et al. 2001 Primitive Mantle 19 K 0.29           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 19 K 0.03           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 19 K 0.03           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 19 K 260   39       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 19 K 0.03           wt% Walter 2004 Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 19 K 0.03           wt% Walter 2004 Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 19 K 0.029           wt% Workman & Hart 2005 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 19 K 260           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 19 K 258.2           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 19 K 517           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Palme et al. 1981 Primitive Mantle 19 K 230           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 19 K 260           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Jacobsen & Wasserburg 1979 Primitive Mantle 19 K 260           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 19 K 240           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Sun & Nesbitt 1977 Primitive Mantle 19 K 193           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Smith 1977 Primitive Mantle 19 K 286           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Ringwood & Kesson 1977 Primitive Mantle 19 K 252           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Ganapathy & Anders 1974 Primitive Mantle 19 K 160           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Shaw 1972 Primitive Mantle 19 K 193           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Larimer 1971 Primitive Mantle 19 K 0.0337           wt%ox Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 19 K 0.031           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 19 K 0.02           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 19 K 0.022           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 19 K 0.003           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Green et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 19 K   0.028         wt%ox McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 19 K 0.028           wt%ox McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 19 K 0.028           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 19 K 0.018           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 19 K 0.032           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 19 K 0.03           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 19 K 0.03           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 19 K 0.03           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Ringwood 1979 Primitive Mantle 19 K 260           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 19 K 258           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 19 K 450           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 19 K 0.029           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 19 K 240   48       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle   K/Rb 265             Hofmann & White 1983 Smith 1977 Primitive Mantle   K/Rb 310             Hofmann & White 1983 Larimer 1971 Primitive Mantle   K/Rb 410             Hofmann & White 1983 Jacobsen & Wasserburg 1979 Primitive Mantle   K/Rb 320             Hofmann & White 1983 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle   K/Rb 355             Hofmann & White 1983 Sun & Nesbitt 1977 Primitive Mantle   K/Rb 335             Hofmann & White 1983 Ringwood & Kesson 1977 Primitive Mantle   K/Rb 290             Hofmann & White 1983 Ganapathy & Anders 1974 Primitive Mantle   K/Rb 270             Hofmann & White 1983 Shaw 1972 Primitive Mantle   K/U 1             Gao et al. 1998 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 36 Kr 0.417           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 57 La 648   64.8       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 57 La   0.708         ppm McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 57 La 0.7           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 57 La 0.614           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 57 La 0.27           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 57 La 0.76           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 57 La 686   68.6       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 57 La 686           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 57 La 0.6139           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 57 La 0.551           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 57 La 0.695           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 57 La 0.71           ppm McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 57 La 0.57           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 57 La 0.603           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 57 La 0.52           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 57 La 0.72           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle   La/Nb 1             Gao et al. 1998 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle   La[n]/Sm[n] 1             McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun & McDonough 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle   La[n]/Yb[n] 1             McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun & McDonough 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 3 Li 1.6   0.48       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 3 Li 2.4           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 3 Li 1.6   0.32       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Ryan & Langmuir 1987 Seitz and Woodland 2000 Primitive Mantle 3 Li 2.7           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 3 Li 2.6           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 3 Li 2.2           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Ryan & Langmuir 1987 Seitz and Woodland 2000 Primitive Mantle 71 Lu 0.057           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 71 Lu 71.1   10.665       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 71 Lu 0.0724           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 71 Lu 0.0627           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 71 Lu 0.074           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 71 Lu 0.0749           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 71 Lu   0.074         ppm McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 71 Lu 0.066           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 71 Lu 0.064           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 71 Lu 0.069           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 71 Lu 0.063           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 71 Lu 67.5   6.75       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 71 Lu 71.7           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 71 Lu 0.0637           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 71 Lu 0.06           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 38.3           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 37.8           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 229060           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg   88.8           McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 38.1           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Ringwood 1979 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 89.5           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Ringwood 1979 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 38           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 89.2             McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 36.85           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 89.6             McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 37.78           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 89.9             McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 34.02           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 88.5             McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 35.5           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 89.1             McDonough & Frey 1989 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 22.17           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 37.8           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 37.78           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 38.1           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Ringwood 1979 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 36.77   0.44       wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 35.5           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 38.3           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 37.8           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 22.17   0.2217       wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 36.78           wt% Walter 2004 Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 37.77           wt% Walter 2004 Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 37.8           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 35.5           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 37.77           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 36.8           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 22.8   2.28       wt% McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 89.3             Workman & Hart 2005 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 37.71           wt% Workman & Hart 2005 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 37.78           wt%ox Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 38.3           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 37.77           wt%ox Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 35.1           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 88.7             McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 35.15           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 38.8           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Green et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg   37.2         wt%ox McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 88.8             McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 89.2             McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 37.2           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 22.5           wt% McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 12 Mg 37.2           wt%ox McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle   Mg# 0.89             Pearson et al. 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle   Mg# 89             Walter 2004 Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle   Mg# 89.8             Walter 2004 Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle   Mg# 0.9             Pearson et al. 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle   Mg# 0.9             Pearson et al. 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle   Mg# 0.89             Pearson et al. 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle   Mg/Al 10.52   0.1         Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle   Mg/Al 9.7             McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle   Mg/Si 1.06             Pearson et al. 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle   Mg/Si 1.09             Pearson et al. 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle   Mg/Si 0.99             Pearson et al. 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle   Mg/Si 1.09             Pearson et al. 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle   MgO/Ni 196             McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun & McDonough 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle   MgO/Ni 197             McDonough 1991 Primitive Mantle   MgO/SiO2 0.82             Walter 2004 Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle   MgO/SiO2 0.81             Walter 2004 Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.13           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.131           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.13           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.13           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.14           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.15           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Ringwood 1979 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 1045           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 1013           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.135           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 1045   104.5       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 1050           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.13           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.13           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.14           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.14           wt% Walter 2004 Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 1050   105       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.15           wt% Walter 2004 Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.14           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.13           wt% Workman & Hart 2005 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.149           wt%ox Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.13           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.13           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.13           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.11           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Green et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn   0.14         wt%ox McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.14           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 25 Mn 0.14           wt%ox McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 42 Mo 39   15.6       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Sims et al. 1990 Fitton 1995 Primitive Mantle 42 Mo 50   20       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 42 Mo 1.1             Hofmann & White 1983 Palme et al. 1981 Primitive Mantle 42 Mo 39           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Sims et al. 1990 Fitton 1995 Primitive Mantle 7 N 2           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Zhang & Zindler 1993 Primitive Mantle 7 N 2           ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 2590           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 2670   401       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.33           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.4           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.33           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 2590   129.5       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.35           wt% Walter 2004 Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.36           wt% Walter 2004 Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.36           wt% Workman & Hart 2005 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.332           wt%ox Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.332           wt%ox Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.36           wt%ox Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.33           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.34           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.34           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.4           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Green et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 11 Na   0.34         wt%ox McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.34           wt%ox McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.34           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.4           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.275           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.332           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.39           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.39           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.4           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Ringwood 1979 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 2460           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 2730           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 1610           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 13           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 1770           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.36           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 11 Na 0.36           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 41 Nb 0.44           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 41 Nb 0.6           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 41 Nb 0.9           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 41 Nb 0.618           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 41 Nb 658   98.7       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 41 Nb 588   117.6       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 41 Nb 0.6           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 41 Nb 0.6175           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle   Nb/Ta 17.6             Gao et al. 1998 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle   Nb/Ta 17.6             McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun & McDonough 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 60 Nd 1.067           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 60 Nd 1.34           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 60 Nd 1.02           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 60 Nd 1.16           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 60 Nd 1.43           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 60 Nd 1.39           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 60 Nd   1.37         ppm McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 60 Nd 1.1           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 60 Nd 1.1           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 60 Nd 1.19           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 60 Nd 1250   125       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 60 Nd 1.1892           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 60 Nd 1327   132.7       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 60 Nd 1327           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.23           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.25           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 2060           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 1950           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 1990           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.2           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Ringwood 1979 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.25           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 1860           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.28           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 1960   196       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.27           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.23           wt% Walter 2004 Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 1860   93       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.25           wt% Walter 2004 Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.25           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.25           wt% Workman & Hart 2005 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 2080           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.25           wt%ox Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.27           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.25           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.25           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.26           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Green et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni   0.24         wt%ox McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.24           wt%ox McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.22           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.23           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.25           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.277           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 28 Ni 0.27           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle   Ni/Co 18.7             McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle   Ni/Co 18             McDonough 1991 Primitive Mantle   Ni/Co 17             McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun & McDonough 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle   Ni/Cr 0.72             McDonough 1991 Primitive Mantle   Ni/Cr 0.64             McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun & McDonough 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle   Ni/Ir 570000             McDonough 1991 Primitive Mantle   Ni/P 22             McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 8 O 44.33   0.8866       wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Chaussidon & Jambon 1994 Primitive Mantle 8 O 44.79           wt% Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 76 Os 3.4   1.02       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 76 Os 3.4   0.34       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Kallemeyn et al. 1989 Primitive Mantle 15 P 0.02           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 15 P 86   12.9       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 McDonough et al. 1985 Langmuir et al. 1992 Primitive Mantle 15 P 0.02             Pearson et al. 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 15 P 0.021           wt% Workman & Hart 2005 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 15 P   0.022         wt%ox McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 15 P 0.022           wt%ox McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 15 P 0.022           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 15 P 0.013           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 15 P 0.019           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 15 P 0.015           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 15 P 0.022           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 15 P 0.02           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Ringwood 1979 Primitive Mantle 15 P 83           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 15 P 60           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 15 P 58           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 15 P 0.021           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 15 P 90   13.5       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 82 Pb 185   18.5       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Galer & Goldstein 1996 Primitive Mantle 82 Pb 150   30       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 82 Pb 0.175           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 82 Pb 0.175           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 82 Pb 185           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Galer & Goldstein 1996 Primitive Mantle 46 Pd 3.27   0.4905       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Morgan et al. 1985 Primitive Mantle 46 Pd 3.9   3.12       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 59 Pr 270   40.5       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 59 Pr 0.283           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 59 Pr 254   25.4       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 59 Pr 0.237           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 59 Pr 0.274           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 59 Pr 0.206           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 59 Pr 0.2419           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 59 Pr 270           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 78 Pt 6.6   0.792       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 78 Pt 7.1   2.13       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 0.605           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Hofmann & White 1983 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 0.605   0.0605       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Hofmann & White 1983 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 0.6   0.18       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 0.73           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 0.535           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 1.5           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 0.65           ppm McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 0.62           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Larimer 1971 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 0.59           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Shaw 1972 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 0.86           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Ganapathy & Anders 1974 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 0.85           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Ringwood & Kesson 1977 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 0.73           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Smith 1977 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 0.68           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Sun & Nesbitt 1977 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 2.06           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Palme et al. 1981 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 251             Hofmann & White 1983 Palme et al. 1981 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 0.81           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 0.63           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Jacobsen & Wasserburg 1979 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 0.66           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 350             Hofmann & White 1983 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 0.61           ppm Hofmann & White 1983 Primitive Mantle 37 Rb 0.5353           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle   Rb/Cs 20             Gao et al. 1998 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle   Rb/Sr 0.03             Gao et al. 1998 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle   Rb/Sr 0.032             Hofmann & White 1983 Ganapathy & Anders 1974 Primitive Mantle   Rb/Sr 0.035             Hofmann & White 1983 Ringwood & Kesson 1977 Primitive Mantle   Rb/Sr 0.025             Hofmann & White 1983 Smith 1977 Primitive Mantle   Rb/Sr 0.24             Hofmann & White 1983 Palme et al. 1981 Primitive Mantle   Rb/Sr 0.03             Hofmann & White 1983 Sun & Nesbitt 1977 Primitive Mantle   Rb/Sr 0.029             Hofmann & White 1983 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle   Rb/Sr 0.029             Hofmann & White 1983 Jacobsen & Wasserburg 1979 Primitive Mantle   Rb/Sr 0.029             Hofmann & White 1983 Primitive Mantle   Rb/Sr 0.035             Hofmann & White 1983 Larimer 1971 Primitive Mantle   Rb/Sr 0.022             Hofmann & White 1983 Shaw 1972 Primitive Mantle 75 Re 0.32           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Walker et al. 2002 Primitive Mantle 75 Re 0.28   0.084       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 75 Re 0.32   0.032       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Walker et al. 2002 Primitive Mantle 45 Rh 0.9   0.36       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 45 Rh 0.93   0.0465       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 44 Ru 5   1.5       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 44 Ru 4.55   0.182       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 16 S 200   80       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Niell 1991 Primitive Mantle 16 S 200           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Morgan et al. 1986 Primitive Mantle 16 S 262           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 16 S 251           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 16 S 250   50       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 51 Sb 12           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Jochum & Hofmann 1997 Primitive Mantle 51 Sb 5.5   2.75       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 51 Sb 12           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Jochum & Hofmann 1997 Primitive Mantle 21 Sc 16.5           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 21 Sc 16.2   1.62       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 21 Sc 17           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 21 Sc 16.5   1.65       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 21 Sc 16           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 21 Sc 14.88           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 21 Sc 13           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 21 Sc 17.1           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 21 Sc 19           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 21 Sc 15           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 21 Sc 14.8           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 21 Sc 17           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 21 Sc 17           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 21 Sc   17.3         ppm McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 21 Sc 16.9           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 21 Sc 14.9           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Morgan et al. 1986 Primitive Mantle 21 Sc 18           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 21 Sc 16.1           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 21 Sc 19           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 34 Se 79           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Palme & Jones 2003 Primitive Mantle 34 Se 0.075   0.0525       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 34 Se 0.079           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Palme & Jones 2003 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 44.9           wt% Workman & Hart 2005 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 45           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 21.22           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 44.92           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 45.96           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 45.4   0.3       wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 46.2           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 45.14           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 45           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 21.22   0.2122       wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 45.4           wt% Walter 2004 Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 46.12           wt% Walter 2004 Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 46           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 46.2           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 46.12           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 45.6           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 45.1           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 45.1           wt% Palme & O'Neill 2004 Ringwood 1979 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 21   2.1       wt% McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 45.69           wt%ox Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 46.117           wt%ox Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 45.16           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 47.95           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 49.9           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 45           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Green et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 14 Si   44.8         wt%ox McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 44.8           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 20.9           wt% McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 44.8           wt%ox McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 46.2           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 49.9           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 45.96           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 45.98           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 45.1           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Ringwood 1979 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 44.52           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 14 Si 210000           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle   Si/Al 9.947   0.05         Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle   Si/Mg 0.945   0.002         Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 62 Sm 431           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 62 Sm 406   40.6       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 62 Sm 0.3865           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 62 Sm 0.347           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 62 Sm 0.436           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 62 Sm 0.32           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 62 Sm 0.378           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 62 Sm 0.52           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 62 Sm 0.451           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 62 Sm   0.444         ppm McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 62 Sm 0.32           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 62 Sm 0.44           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 62 Sm 0.42           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 62 Sm 0.387           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 62 Sm 431   43.1       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 50 Sn 138   41.4       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Jochum et al. 1993 Primitive Mantle 50 Sn 130   39       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 50 Sn 0.15           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 50 Sn 138           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Jochum et al. 1993 Primitive Mantle 38 Sr 19.6           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 38 Sr 25           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 38 Sr 18.2           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 38 Sr 19.9   1.99       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 38 Sr 20.3   2.03       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 38 Sr 20.3           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 38 Sr 18.21           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 38 Sr 21           ppm McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 38 Sr   21         ppm McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 38 Sr 11.4           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle   Sr/Nd 15.3             Gao et al. 1998 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle   Sr/Sm 47.1             Gao et al. 1998 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 73 Ta 0.03           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 73 Ta 0.035           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 73 Ta 0.0351           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 73 Ta 40           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 73 Ta 40   4       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 73 Ta 37   5.6       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 65 Tb 0.09           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 65 Tb 99   9.9       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 65 Tb 0.094           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 65 Tb 0.1           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 65 Tb 0.093           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 65 Tb   0.108         ppm McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 65 Tb 0.11           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 65 Tb 0.126           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 65 Tb 0.0924           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 65 Tb 105           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 65 Tb 105   15.75       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 65 Tb 0.094           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 65 Tb 0.087           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 65 Tb 0.107           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 52 Te 12           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 52 Te 8           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 90 Th 0.18           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 90 Th 83.4   12.51       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 90 Th 0.0813           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 90 Th 0.0813           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 90 Th 79.5   11.9       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 90 Th 83.4           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle   Th/U 4             Gao et al. 1998 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 1282           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.181           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 3           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Hertogen et al. 1980 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.23           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.217           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 1280   128       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.21           wt% Walter 2004 Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.18           wt% Walter 2004 Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.201           wt% Pearson et al. 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.2           wt% Workman & Hart 2005 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.181           wt%ox Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.18           wt%ox Allegre et al. 1995 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.217           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.204           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.16           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.17           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Green et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti   0.21         wt%ox McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.21           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 1280           ppm McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.21           wt%ox McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.23           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.16           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.181           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.225           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.217           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.2           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Ringwood 1979 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 1300           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 1085           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 860           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 743           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 0.201           wt%ox McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 22 Ti 1205   120.5       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle   Ti/Eu 7600             McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun & McDonough 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle   Ti/Gd 36             Gao et al. 1998 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 81 Tl 3           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Hertogen et al. 1980 Primitive Mantle 81 Tl 3.5   1.4       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 69 Tm 0.063           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 69 Tm 0.0752           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 69 Tm 68   6.8       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 69 Tm 0.7027           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 69 Tm 0.0643           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 69 Tm 71.7   10.755       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 69 Tm 72           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 69 Tm 0.054           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 92 U 21.8   3.27       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 92 U 21.8           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 92 U 0.0203           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 92 U 0.024           ppm McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 92 U 0.026           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 92 U 0.02           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 92 U 0.036           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 92 U 20.3   4.1       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 23 V 86           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 23 V 77           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 23 V 86   4.3       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 23 V 82           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 23 V 77           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 23 V 82           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 23 V 128           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 23 V 82.1           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 23 V 82.1           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 23 V 87           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 23 V 81           wt%ox McDonough & Frey 1989 Ringwood 1979 Primitive Mantle 23 V   82         ppm McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 23 V 83           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 23 V 100           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 23 V 85           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 23 V 82   12.3       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle   V/Sc 4.7             McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun & McDonough 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 74 W 16           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Newsom et al. 1996 Primitive Mantle 74 W 16   4.8       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Newsom et al. 1996 Primitive Mantle 74 W 29           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 39 Y 4.37           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 39 Y 4.37   0.437       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 39 Y 3.94           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 39 Y 3.4           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 39 Y 4.47           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 39 Y 3.88           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 39 Y 4.63           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 39 Y 3.6           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 39 Y 4.2           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 39 Y 4.6           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 39 Y 3.94           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 39 Y 4.3   0.43       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle   Y/Ho 28             McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun & McDonough 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.4144           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.372           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.62           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Palme & Nickel 1985 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.48           ppm McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.32           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.475           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.41           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.49           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.489           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb   0.481         ppm McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.43           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.46           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.414           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.37           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 441   44.1       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 462           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 462   46.2       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 30 Zn 53.5           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 30 Zn 53.5   2.675       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 O'Neill & Palme 1998 Primitive Mantle 30 Zn 51           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 30 Zn 59           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 30 Zn 55   8.25       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle   Zn/Cd 210000             Hofmann & White 1983 Larimer 1971 Primitive Mantle   Zn/Cd 1020000             Hofmann & White 1983 Ganapathy & Anders 1974 Primitive Mantle   Zn/Cd 370000             Hofmann & White 1983 Ringwood & Kesson 1977 Primitive Mantle   Zn/Cd 270000             Hofmann & White 1983 Smith 1977 Primitive Mantle   Zn/Cd 350000             Hofmann & White 1983 Sun & Nesbitt 1977 Primitive Mantle   Zn/Cd 920000             Hofmann & White 1983 Palme et al. 1981 Primitive Mantle   Zn/Cd 126000             Hofmann & White 1983 Primitive Mantle 40 Zr 10.5   1.05       ppm McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 40 Zr 6           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 40 Zr 11           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 40 Zr 9.71           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 40 Zr 10.8           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 40 Zr 10           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 40 Zr 9.714           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 40 Zr 10.81   1.081       ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle   Zr/Hf 36             McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun & McDonough 1989 Sun 1982