GERM Reservoir Database
Development and Maintenance by the EarthRef.org Database Team

GERM Database Search Results        
Reservoir Z Element Value Median SD Low High N Unit Info Reference Source(s)
Amphibolites 83 Bi 0.18         189 ppm Average of 165 subsamples and 24 composites. Gao et al. 1998
Arenaceous Rocks 83 Bi 0.19         121 ppm Average of 110 subsamples and 11 composites. Gao et al. 1998
Arenaceous Rocks 83 Bi 0.18         2754 ppm Average of 2628 subsamples and 126 composites. Gao et al. 1998
Carbonates 83 Bi 0.05         50 ppm Average of 45 subsamples and 5 composites. Gao et al. 1998
Carbonates 83 Bi 0.08         2038 ppm Average of 1922 subsamples and 116 composites. Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 83 Bi 0.25           ppm Compostional estimate of the entire Central East China province. Calculated according to 70% intermediate granulite plus 15% mafic granulite plus 15% metapelite from central East China (Appendix 1; for detailed explanation see text). Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 83 Bi 0.17           ppm Compostional estimate of the entire Central East China province. Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 83 Bi 0.23           ppm Compostional estimate of the entire Central East China province. Calculated on a sedimentary carbonate rock-free basis. Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 83 Bi 0.27           ppm Average composition for Central East China. Assuming that the lowermost crust is represented by the average mafic granulite from Archean high-grade terrains in Central East China (Appendix 1). Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 83 Bi 0.2           ppm Compostional estimate of the entire Central East China province. Includes sedimentary carbonates. Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 83 Bi 0.29           ppm Compostional estimate of the entire Central East China province. Average compostion of granulite terrains and calculated on a sedimentary carbonate rock-free basis. Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 83 Bi 0.38           ppm Compostional estimate of the entire Central East China province. Assuming that the lowermost crust is represented by the average mafic granulite from Archean high-grade terrains in Central East China (Appendix 1). Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 83 Bi 0.28           ppm Compostional estimate of the entire Central East China province. Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 83 Bi 0.5           ppm Compostional estimate of the entire Central East China province. Average composition of granulite terrains. Gao et al. 1998
CI Chondrites 83 Bi 0.114           ppm Abundance of elements in the solar system from Anders & Grevesse 1989 study of CI meteorites. Palme & Jones 2004 Anders & Grevesse 1989
CI Chondrites 83 Bi 0.111   0.01665       ppm Abundance of elements in the solar system based off of Palme & Beer 1993 study of CI meteorites. Palme & Jones 2004 Palme & Beer 1993
Core 83 Bi 0.03           ppm Elemental composition of the Earth's core as given in ppm unless stated as wt. %. McDonough 2004
Diorite 83 Bi 0.11         260 ppm Average of 243 subsamples and 17 composites. Gao et al. 1998
East China Craton 83 Bi 0.26           ppm Compostional estimate of East China. Assuming that the lowermost crust is represented by the average mafic granulite from Archean high-grade terrains in Central East China (Appendix 1). Gao et al. 1998
Felsic Granulites 83 Bi 1.39         137 ppm Average of 116 subsamples and 21 composites. Gao et al. 1998
Felsic Volcanics 83 Bi 0.14         972 ppm Average of 895 subsamples and 77 composites. Gao et al. 1998
Granites 83 Bi 0.15         1226 ppm Average of 1140 subsamples and 86 composites. Gao et al. 1998
Granites 83 Bi 0.09         402 ppm Average of 369 subsamples and 33 composites. Gao et al. 1998
Interior North China Craton 83 Bi 1.43           ppm Compostional estimate of the interior of the North China craton. Average compostion of granulite terrains. Gao et al. 1998
Interior North China Craton 83 Bi 0.66           ppm Compostional estimate of the interior of the North China craton. Average compostion of granulite terrains and calculated on a sedimentary carbonate rock-free basis. Gao et al. 1998
Interior North China Craton 83 Bi 0.4           ppm Compostional estimate of the interior of the North China craton. Calculated on a sedimentary carbonate rock-free basis. Gao et al. 1998
Interior North China Craton 83 Bi 0.38           ppm Compostional estimate of the interior of the North China craton. Includes sedimentary carbonates. Gao et al. 1998
Interior North China Craton 83 Bi 0.29           ppm Compostional estimate of the interior of the North China craton. Gao et al. 1998
Intermediate Granulites 83 Bi 0.26         136 ppm Average of 115 subsamples and 21 composites. Gao et al. 1998
Lower Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.037           ppm LCC = calculated from rock averages of Koljonen (1973) and Keltsch (1983) in the proportions of Figure 2; S/Se in crustal rocks except sediments = 8.5E3. Wedepohl 1995
Mafic Granulites 83 Bi 0.15         128 ppm Average of 93 subsamples and 35 composites. Gao et al. 1998
Mafic Intrusions 83 Bi 0.08         308 ppm Average of 276 subsamples and 32 composites. Gao et al. 1998
Manganese Nodules 83 Bi 7           ppm Average concentrations of various elements found in deep sea Manganese nodules. Sea salt components are subtracted assuming all chloride is of seawater origin. Li 1991 Baturin 1988
Marine Apatites 83 Bi 0.06         9 ppm Bi contents of sedimentary marine apatite from four major localities. Bi contents derived from nine different composites according to Neutron Activation Analysis and given in ppm. Altschuller 1980
Marine Pelagic Clay 83 Bi 0.53           ppm Average concentrations of elements in oceanic pelagic clays. The elemental values found in the Pelagic clays give good indications on river input of elements to the oceans. From river sources to mid oceanic ridge sinks this is also a good indicator of atmospheric conditions for varying periods of world history. Li 1982 Marowsky & Wedepohl 1971
Marine Pelagic Clay 83 Bi 0.53           ppm Average concentrations for various elements enriched in Oceanic Pelagic Clays. Compared to the element values of Shales, the Pelagic Clays are relatively similar with few exceptions. All sea salt components are subtracted from the sample analysis assuming all chloride is of seawater origin. Li 1991 Turekian & Wedepohl 1961
Marowsky & Wedepohl 1971
Marine Shales 83 Bi 0.43           ppm Average concentrations of various elements in shales, note that the values are within a factor of two or better as compared to Oceanic Pelagic Clays with a few exceptions. The exceptions, as far as this reference is concerned, are not critical and any conclusions drawn are applicable to both Oceanic Pelagic Clays and Shales. Li 1991 Turekian & Wedepohl 1961
Marowsky & Wedepohl 1971
Mavic Volcanics 83 Bi 0.09         632 ppm Average of 538 subsamples and 49 composites. Gao et al. 1998
Metafelsic Volcanics 83 Bi 0.07         41 ppm Average of 38 subsamples and 3 composites. Gao et al. 1998
North Qinling Belt in China 83 Bi 0.13           ppm Compostional estimate of the Northern Qinling orogenic belt. Average compostion of granulite terrains and calculated on a sedimentary carbonate rock-free basis. Gao et al. 1998
North Qinling Belt in China 83 Bi 0.11           ppm Compostional estimate of the North Qinling orogenic belt. Average composition of granulite terrains. Gao et al. 1998
North Qinling Belt in China 83 Bi 0.09           ppm Compostional estimate of the North Qinling orogenic belt. The middle crust of the North Qinling belt is assumed to consist of the underthrusted South Qinling middle crust (see text for explanation). Gao et al. 1998
North Qinling Belt in China 83 Bi 0.21           ppm Compostional estimate of the North Qinling orogenic belt. Calculated on a sedimentary carbonate rock-free basis. Gao et al. 1998
North Qinling Belt in China 83 Bi 0.19           ppm Compostional estimate of the North Qinling orogenic belt. Includes sedimentary carbonates. Gao et al. 1998
Pelites 83 Bi 0.3         1341 ppm Average of 1238 subsamples and 103 composites. Gao et al. 1998
Pelites 83 Bi 0.3         69 ppm Average of 60 subsamples and 9 composites. Gao et al. 1998
Silicate Earth 83 Bi 0.003           ppm Composition of the Silicate Earth as given by elemental abundances in ppm (and wt%). McDonough 2004
Solid Earth 83 Bi 0.01           ppm Bulk elemental composition of the Solid Earth with concentrations given in ppm (and wt% where noted). McDonough 2004
South Margin of North China Craton 83 Bi 0.13           ppm Compostional estimate of the south margin of the North China craton. Calculated on a sedimentary carbonate rock-free basis. Gao et al. 1998
South Margin of North China Craton 83 Bi 0.13           ppm Compostional estimate of the south margin of the North China craton. Includes sedimentary carbonates. Gao et al. 1998
South Margin of North China Craton 83 Bi 0.14           ppm Compostional estimate of the south margin of the North China craton. Average compostion of granulite terrains and calculated on a sedimentary carbonate rock-free basis. Gao et al. 1998
South Margin of North China Craton 83 Bi 0.14           ppm Compostional estimate of the south margin of the North China craton. Average composition of granulite terrains. Gao et al. 1998
South Margin of North China Craton 83 Bi 0.15           ppm Compostional estimate of the south margin of the North China craton. Gao et al. 1998
South Qinling Belt in China 83 Bi 0.14           ppm Compostional estimate of the South Qinling orogenic belt. Includes sedimentary carbonates. Gao et al. 1998
South Qinling Belt in China 83 Bi 0.13           ppm Compostional estimate of the Southern Qinling orogenic belt. Average compostion of granulite terrains and calculated on a sedimentary carbonate rock-free basis. Gao et al. 1998
South Qinling Belt in China 83 Bi 0.09           ppm Compostional estimate of the South Qinling orogenic belt. Gao et al. 1998
South Qinling Belt in China 83 Bi 0.14           ppm Compostional estimate of the South Qinling orogenic belt. Calculated on a sedimentary carbonate rock-free basis. Gao et al. 1998
Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 83 Bi 0.27         641 ppm Average of 596 subsamples and 45 composites. Gao et al. 1998
Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 83 Bi 0.09         553 ppm Average of 502 subsamples and 51 composites. Gao et al. 1998
Upper Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.123           ppm UCC = calculated from rock averages of Koljonen (1973) and Keltsch (1983) in the proportions of Figure 2; S/Se in crustal rocks except sediments = 8.5E3. Wedepohl 1995
Yangtze Craton 83 Bi 0.16           ppm Compostional estimate of the Yangtze craton. Calculated on a sedimentary carbonate rock-free basis. Gao et al. 1998
Yangtze Craton 83 Bi 0.12           ppm Compostional estimate of the Yangtze craton. Gao et al. 1998
Yangtze Craton 83 Bi 0.14           ppm Compostional estimate of the Yangtze craton. Average compostion of granulite terrains and calculated on a sedimentary carbonate rock-free basis. Gao et al. 1998
Yangtze Craton 83 Bi 0.15           ppm Compostional estimate of the Yangtze craton. Average composition of granulite terrains. Gao et al. 1998
Yangtze Craton 83 Bi 0.13           ppm Compostional estimate of the Yangtze craton. Includes sedimentary carbonates. Gao et al. 1998
Solar System 83 Bi 0.144   0.011808     13   Anders & Ebihara 1982
Solar System 83 Bi 0.14             Anders & Ebihara 1982 Cameron 1982
Solar System 83 Bi 0.144   0.01181     13   Solar atomic abundances based on an average of C1 chondrites. Values are not normalised to 100% but they are relative to 10E6 Silica atoms. Anders & Grevesse 1989
CI Chondrites 83 Bi 0.69   0.06         CI Meteorite derived solar system abundances of various elements. Palme & Jones 2004
ALH 77005 Meteorite 83 Bi 0.7           ppb Mars elemental abundances as given by ALH77005 meteorite, which is a lherzolitic shergottite, as given in Lodders 1988. McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998
Angra dos Reis Angrite 83 Bi 2.4           ppb Elemental abundance of the Angra dos Reis meteorite. Classified as an Angrite, the sample itself consists of a thin slice of material most likely made with a cutoff wheel. However, the high abundance of Cu in the sample indicates that the sample was contaminated from the wheel used to make the slice of material. Laul et al. 1972
Bereba Eucrite 83 Bi 7           ppb Elemental abundance of the B¿r¿ba meteorite. Sample consisted of one or several chips between 500-300 mg, and no cleaning was attempted before irradiation. Laul et al. 1972
Bialystok Howardite 83 Bi 2.3           ppb Elemental abundance of the Bialystok meteorite. Classified as a Howardite, the sample itself consists of one or several chips between 500-300 mg. No cleaning was attempted before irradiation. Laul et al. 1972
Chassigny Achondrite 83 Bi 0.37           ppb Trace element abundances of the Chassigny meteorite given by Treiman et al. 1986. These values along with those of the C1 Chondrites are used mainly for comparison and normalization of values taken from other sources pertaining to Urelites. Janssens et al. 1987 Treiman et al. 1986
CI Chondrites 83 Bi 111   16.65       ppb Composition of the Primitive Mantle of the Earth as based on CI Chondritic major and trace element compositions from Chapter 1.03 Palme & Jones 2004 Treatise of Geochemistry. Palme & O'Neill 2004 Palme & Jones 2004
CI Chondrites 83 Bi 114           ppb C1 Chondrite trace element abundances as found by Anders and Ebihara 1982. All Urelite values given by other sources are normalized to these values simply to put the data on a common scale. Janssens et al. 1987 Anders & Ebihara 1982
CI Chondrites 83 Bi 110           ppb C1 Carbonaceous chondrite major and minor element compositions as given in Wasson & Kallemeyn 1988. These values are given in an effort to accurately represent the C1 chondrites as based on an array of sources and derive a revised model for the composition of the Earth. McDonough & Sun 1995 Wasson & Kallemeyn 1988
CI Chondrites 83 Bi 110           ppb C1 Carbonaceous chondrite major and minor element compositions as given in Palme 1988. These values are given in an effort to accurately represent the C1 chondrites as based on an array of sources and derive a revised model for the composition of the Earth. McDonough & Sun 1995 Palme 1988
CI Chondrites 83 Bi 110           ppb Based on measurements on 3 out of 5 carbonaceous chrondrites namely Orgueil, Ivuna and Alais. McDonough & Sun 1995
CI Chondrites 83 Bi 114   9.35     13 ppb Mean C1 chondrite from atomic abundances based on C = 3.788E-3*H*A where C = concentration; H = atomic abundance and A = atomic weight. Values are not normalised to 100% Anders & Grevesse 1989
Constantinople Eucrite 83 Bi 0.77           ppb Elemental abundance of the Constantinople meteorite. Classified as a eucrite the sample consisted of one or several chips between 500-300 mg, and no cleaning was attempted before irradiation. Laul et al. 1972
Continental Crust 83 Bi 85           ppb UCC; LCC = calculated from rock averages of Heinrichs et al. (1980) in the proportions of Figure 2. Wedepohl 1995
Continental Crust 83 Bi 60           ppb Taylor & McLennan 1995
Depleted Mantle 83 Bi 0.39           ppb Estimate for the concentrations in the Depleted Mantle of most of the elements of the Periodic Table. Bi/Pb is the element ratio/constraint used to make this estimate. Salters & Stracke 2004
Dyalpur Ureilite 83 Bi 2.6           ppb Trace element values for the Dyalpur meteorite as given in Higuchi et al. 1976. Mainly used in this study as comparisons to the Kenna and Havero meteorites. Janssens et al. 1987 Higuchi et al. 1976
Frankfort Howardite 83 Bi 180           ppb Elemental abundance of the Frankfort meteorite. Classified as a Howardite, the sample itself consists of one or several chips between 500-300 mg. No cleaning was attempted before irradiation. Laul et al. 1972
Goalpara Ureilite 83 Bi 1.8           ppb Trace element abundances of the Goalpara meteorite first reported by Higuchi et al. 1976. These trace element values are given in an effort to resolve a disagreement about Ir and W values being associated with veins or bulk rock. These values are compared to other vein and bulk rock values obtained via other meteorites analyzed in this study. Janssens et al. 1987 Higuchi et al. 1976
Havero Ureilite 83 Bi 0.9           ppb Trace element abundances of the Havero (bulk) meteorite first reported by Higuchi et al. 1976. These trace element values are given in an effort to resolve a disagreement about Ir and W values being associated with veins or bulk rock. These values are compared to other vein and bulk rock values obtained via other meteorites analyzed in this study. Janssens et al. 1987 Higuchi et al. 1976
Havero Ureilite Vein Metal 83 Bi 2.45           ppb Trace element abundances of the Havero Vein sample B18-2 analyzed here by Janssens et al. 1987. According to analysis of the siderophile elements of Havero, this sample is highly enriched in vein material as indicated by noble gas and this trace element data. .. Janssens et al. 1987
Igneous Rocks 83 Bi 0.36           ppb Major, minor and trace element abundances of eucrites from Moore County which much like the Serra de Mage is cumulate and unbrecciated. However, Moore County eucrites have less plagioclase than Serra de Mage and the plagioclase that it does have is much less calcic. According to Hess and Henderson 1949 this eucrite resembles a terrestrial norite in bulk composition. Moore County Morgan et al. 1978
Jonzac Eucrite 83 Bi 5.3           ppb Elemental abundance of the Jonzac meteorite. Classified as a eucrite the sample consisted of one or several chips between 500-300 mg, and no cleaning was attempted before irradiation. Laul et al. 1972
Juvinas Eucrite 83 Bi 5           ppb Element concentrations for Juvinas eucrite as analyzed by various different sources. This particular sample has been studied quite a bit, so relevant data to compare to values found by this study (Morgan et al. 1978) are in great abundance. Morgan et al. 1978 Laul et al. 1972
Juvinas Eucrite 83 Bi 5           ppb Elemental abundance of the Juvinas meteorite. Classified as a eucrite the sample consisted of one or several chips between 500-300 mg, and no cleaning was attempted before irradiation. Laul et al. 1972
Juvinas Eucrite 83 Bi 3.5           ppb Major, minor and trace element abundances of the Juvinas eucrite, which is a typical brecciated sample. Juvinas was analyzed according to various types of Neutron Activation Analysis and it was found to be compositionally similar to Ibitira eucrite. Other characteristics that define Juvinas are its mineral assemblages and oriented textures with lithic clasts several centimeters wide, and positive Eu anomalies which resembles rocks from a layered igneous intrusion. Morgan et al. 1978
Kapoeta Howardite 83 Bi 4.56           ppb Elemental abundance of the Kapoeta meteorite. Classified as a Howardite, the sample itself consists of dark material from the gas-rich, brecciated meteorite were obtained by Dr. Brian Mason (U.S. National Museum). Laul et al. 1972
Kapoeta Howardite 83 Bi 1.52           ppb Elemental abundance of the Kapoeta meteorite. Classified as a Howardite, the sample itself consists of light material from the gas-rich, brecciated meteorite were obtained by Dr. Brian Mason (U.S. National Museum). Laul et al. 1972
Kenna Ureilite 83 Bi 0.43         1 ppb Abundances of the trace elements found in the Kenna Meteorite taken from sample H159.23 from the American Meteorite Laboratory. This bulk urelite sample is the richest in siderophile elements. Janssens et al. 1987
Kenna Ureilite Vein Metal 83 Bi 0.73           ppb Trace element abundances of the Kenna Vein material which in fact was a hand picked separate of only 33mg. According to this analysis of the siderophile elements it is only slightly enriched in vein material. Janssens et al. 1987
Lafayette Nakhlite 83 Bi 5.64           ppb Elemental abundance of the Lafayette meteorite. Classified as a Nakhlite, the sample itself consists of material from one or several chips between 500 and 300 mg. No cleaning was attempted prior to irradiation. Laul et al. 1972
Lower Continental Crust 83 Bi 38           ppb Taylor & McLennan 1995
Molteno Howardite 83 Bi 3.8           ppb Elemental abundance of the Molteno meteorite. Classified as a Howardite, the sample itself consists of light material from one or several chips between 500 and 300 mg. No cleaning was attempted prior to irradiation. Laul et al. 1972
Nakhla Meteorite 83 Bi 0.37           ppb Mars elemental abundances as given by Nakhla meteorite (nakhlite) as given in Lodders 1988. McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998
Nakhla Nakhlite 83 Bi 0.5           ppb Elemental abundance of the Nakhla meteorite. Classified as a Nakhlite, the sample itself consists of material from one or several chips between 500 and 300 mg. No cleaning was attempted prior to irradiation. Laul et al. 1972
North American Shale Composite (NASC) 83 Bi 6.6           ppb Major, minor and trace element concentrations of eucrites from Ibitira which is a vesicular unbrecciated eucrite sample. The vesicular nature of Ibitira is possibly due to the fact that it crystallzed at a low pressure relative to other eucrites. This sample has been analyzed according to Neutron Activation using a single chip of the Ibitira sample. Morgan et al. 1978
Novo-Urei Ureilite 83 Bi 3.4           ppb Trace element abundances of the Novo Urei meteorite originally given by Higuchi et al. 1976. Novo Urei happens to be the second in line as far as richest in siderophile element abundances, second only to Kenna Meteorite. Janssens et al. 1987 Higuchi et al. 1976
Orgueil Chondrite 83 Bi 111         7 ppb Solar system abundances of major and minor elements as based on studies from the Orgueil Meteorite. Abundances in the Orgueil meteorite are adequately close to the C1 chondrite mean except for REE, in which case other studies will yield more preferable results Anders & Ebihara 1982
Orgueil Chondrite 83 Bi 111         7 ppb Orgueil meteorite measurements. Anders & Grevesse 1989
Pesyanoe Aubrite 83 Bi 4.5           ppb Elemental abundance of the Pesyanoe meteorite. Classified as an Angrite, the sample itself consists of dark material from the gas-rich, brecciated meteorite which was obtained by Dr. Brian Mason (U.S. National Museum). Laul et al. 1972
Pesyanoe Aubrite 83 Bi 2.3           ppb Elemental abundance of the Pesyanoe meteorite. Classified as an Angrite, the sample itself consists of light material from the gas-rich, brecciated meteorite which was obtained by Dr. Brian Mason (U.S. National Museum). Laul et al. 1972
Precambrian Canadian Shield 83 Bi 35           ppb Weighted mean calculated from Heinrichs et al. (1980). Shaw et al. 1986
Primitive Mantle 83 Bi 5           ppb Elemental composition of the Primitive Mantle of the Earth as given from this study and other various sources. These elemental values are compared to those of CI Chondrites given by Palme & Jones 2004 Treatise of Geochemistry. Comments given by the authors in reference to these values: Bi/La = 8E-3 in crust. Standard deviations are uncertain and greater than 50%. Palme & O'Neill 2004
Primitive Mantle 83 Bi 2.5   0.75       ppb Pyrolite model for the silicate Earth composition based on peridotites, komatiites and basalts. Error estimate is subjective. McDonough & Sun 1995
Seawater 83 Bi 4e-05           ppb Average concentration of elements in unfiltered seawater. These values are used in conjuction with concentrations taken from the same elements in filtered river water and then used in equations (given in Li 1982) to determine mean oceanic residence time of particular elements. Problems arise however with the relative pollution found in average river waters, and a lack of adequate data for filtered seawater to make a better comparison to filtered river water (which in this instance is found to be the most ideal comparison, yet the most difficult to perform). Li 1982
Sera de Mage Eucrite 83 Bi 0.18           ppb Major, minor and trace element abundances as found in Eucrites from Serra de Mage (Brazil). Sample analyzed by INAA at University of Oregon. Serra de Mage has a relatively high, but variable, plagioclase content as compared to other Eucrites. The calcic nature of this plagioclase makes Serra de Mage perhaps the best meteoric analogue to lunar anorthosites and ancient terrestrial calcic anorthosites. Morgan et al. 1978
Sera de Mage Eucrite 83 Bi 2.4           ppb Elemental abundance of the Serra de Mag¿ meteorite. Classified as an unbrecciated eucrite, the sample used was a powder which had been reconstituted in the original proportions from magnetically separated pyroxene and feldspar fractions. Laul et al. 1972
Sera de Mage Eucrite 83 Bi 2.4           ppb Element abundances of the Serra de Mage eucrite as analyzed by various different sources. These values are placed against the values found in this study (Morgan et al. 1978) according to INAA. Morgan et al. 1978 Laul et al. 1972
Shergotty Meteorite 83 Bi 1.1   0.6       ppb Mars elemental abundances as given by Shergotty meteorite (basalitc shergottite) as given in Lodders 1988. Mars elemental abundances as given by Shergotty meteorite, which is a basalitc shergottite, as given in Lodders 1988. McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998
Shergotty Shergottite 83 Bi 3.7           ppb Elemental abundance of the Shergotty meteorite. Classified as a Shergottite, the sample itself consists of material from one or several chips between 500 and 300 mg. No cleaning was attempted prior to irradiation. Laul et al. 1972
Silicate Earth 83 Bi 2.5   0.75       ppb Pyrolite model for the silicate Earth composition based on peridotites, komatiites and basalts. Error estimate is subjective. McDonough & Sun 1995
Sioux County Eucrite 83 Bi 0.37           ppb Elemental abundance of the Sioux County meteorite. Classified as a eucrite the sample consisted of one or several chips between 500-300 mg, and no cleaning was attempted before irradiation. Laul et al. 1972
Spinel Peridotites 83 Bi 1.7 1.6 0.7     13 ppb McDonough 1990
Stannern Trend Eucrites 83 Bi 318           ppb Elemental abundance of the Stannern meteorite sample 1. Classified as a eucrite the sample was taken from a region of the meteorite that was stained yellow. This sample turned out to have higher concentrations of 10 trace elements, upwards of two orders of magnitude, than other eucrites. Laul et al. 1972
Stannern Trend Eucrites 83 Bi 6.4           ppb Elemental abundance of the Stannern meteorite sample 2. Classified as a eucrite the sample was taken from a region of the meteorite that has a pure white/grey color. Conversley to sample 1, this sample has lower abundances of trace elements. Laul et al. 1972
Upper Continental Crust 83 Bi 127           ppb Taylor & McLennan 1995
Washougal Howardite 83 Bi 0.59           ppb Elemental abundance of the Washougal meteorite. Classified as a Howardite, the sample itself consists of material from one or several chips between 500 and 300 mg. No cleaning was attempted prior to irradiation. Laul et al. 1972
Zagami Shergottite 83 Bi 1.1           ppb Elemental abundance of the Zagami meteorite. Classified as a Shergottite, the sample itself consists of material from one or several chips between 500 and 300 mg. No cleaning was attempted prior to irradiation. Laul et al. 1972
Seawater 83 Bi       0.015 0.24     Depletion at depth. BiO[1+] and Bi(OH)2[1+] are the probable main species in oxygenated seawater. Range and average concentrations normalized to 35¿ salinity. Bruland 1983
Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.085           µg/g Major and trace element compositional estimates of the Bulk Continental Crust given by Wedepohl 1995. Major element oxides are given in wt.% and trace elements in either ng/g or ¿g/g. Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995
Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.27           µg/g Major and trace element compositional estimates of the Bulk Continental Crust given by Gao et al. 1998a. Major element oxides are given in wt.% and trace elements in either ng/g or ¿g/g. Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998a
Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.18           µg/g Recommended composition of the Bulk Continental Crust where the total-crust composition is calculated according to the upper, middle and lower-crust compositions obtained in this study and corresponding weighing factors of 0.317, 0.296 and 0.388. The weighing factors are based on the layer thickness of the global continental crust, recalculated from crustal structure and areal proportion of various tectonic units given by Rudnick and Fountain 1995. Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.06           µg/g Major and trace element compositional estimates of the Bulk Continental Crust given by Taylor and McLennan 1985 & 1995. Major element oxides are given in wt.% and trace elements in either ng/g or ¿g/g. Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985
Taylor & McLennan 1995
Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.18           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004
Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.17           µg/g Major and trace element compositional estimates of the Bulk Continental Crust given by Taylor 1964. Major element oxides are given in wt.% and trace elements in either ng/g or ¿g/g. Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor 1964
Core 83 Bi 0.03           µg/g Compostioinal models for the bulk Earth, core and silicate Earth are modified after McDonough & Sun (1995). McDonough 1998
Lower Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.38           µg/g Major and trace element compositional estimates of the lower continental crust as given by Gao et al. 1998a using seismic velocities and granulite data from the North China craton. Major element oxides are given in wt.% and trace elements in either ng/g or ¿g/g. Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998a
Lower Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.2           µg/g Recommended composition of the Lower Continental crust as given by various sources. Major element oxides are given in wt.% and trace element concentrations are given in either ng/g or ¿g/g. Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995
Gao et al. 1998a
Lower Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.038           µg/g Major and trace element compositional estimates of the lower continental crust as given by Taylor and McLennan 1985, 1995 using average lower crustal abundances. Major element oxides are given in wt.% and trace elements in either ng/g or ¿g/g. Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985
Taylor & McLennan 1995
Lower Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.037           µg/g Major and trace element compositional estimates of the lower continental crust as given by Wedepohl 1995 using lower crust in Western Europe derived from siesmic data and granulite xenolith composition. Major element oxides are given in wt.% and trace elements in either ng/g or ¿g/g. Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995
Middle Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.17           µg/g Major and Minor element compositional estimates of the Middle Continental crust as given by Gao et al. 1998a. Major element oxides are given in wt.% and trace elements abundances are given in ¿g/g or ng/g. Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998
Middle Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.17           µg/g Major and Minor element compositional estimates of the Middle Continental crust as given by This Study (Rudnick and Gao 2004). Major element oxides are given in wt.% and trace elements abundances are given in ¿g/g or ng/g. Rudnick & Gao 2004
Silicate Earth 83 Bi 0.003           µg/g Compostioinal models for the bulk Earth, core and silicate Earth are modified after McDonough & Sun (1995). McDonough 1998
Solid Earth 83 Bi 0.01           µg/g Compostioinal models for the bulk Earth, core and silicate Earth are modified after McDonough & Sun (1995). McDonough 1998
Upper Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.23           µg/g Estimates of trace element compositions of the Upper Continental Crust. These values are taken from Gao et al. 1998 and represent averages from surface exposures. Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998
Upper Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.13           µg/g Estimates of trace element compositions of the Upper Continental Crust. These values are taken from Taylor and McLennan 1985 & 1995 and represent estimates derived from sedimentary and loess data. Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985
Taylor & McLennan 1995
Upper Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.16   0.06       µg/g Recommended composition of the Upper Continental Crust as given by various sources which are listed in Table 1 and 2 of Rudnick and Gao 2004 as well as in the text. Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text









Upper Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.035           µg/g Estimates of trace element compositions of the Upper Continental Crust. These values are taken from Shaw et al. 1967 & 1976 and represent averages from surface exposures. Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967
Shaw et al. 1976
Upper Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.16           µg/g Recommended composition of the Upper Continental Crust as given by various sources which are listed in Table 1 and 2 of Rudnick and Gao 2004 as well as in the text. Rudnick & Gao 2004
Upper Continental Crust 83 Bi 0.123           µg/g Estimates of trace element compositions of the Upper Continental Crust. These values are taken from Wedepohl 1995 and represent a previous estimate. Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995
Oceans Surface water 83 Bi 20           ng/kg Surface or near-surface concentratio. Where possible data is from the Pacific ocean that shows the greates variations; otherwhise data is from the Atlantic ocean. Depth = 0 m. Quinby-Hunt & Turekian 1983 Brooks 1960
Seawater 83 Bi 10           ng/kg This mean ocean concentratio has been calculated based on the correlation expressions in Table 1, assuming a salinity of 35¿, a nitrate concentratio of 30 ¿mol/kg, a phosphate concentratio of 2 ¿mol/kg and a silicate concentratio of 110 ¿mol/kg. Where possible data is from the Pacific ocean that shows the greates variations; otherwhise data is from the Atlantic ocean. Quinby-Hunt & Turekian 1983 Brooks 1960
Seawater 83 Bi 0.0042             Elemental average concentrations of the deep Atlantic and deep Pacific waters summarized by Whitfield & Turner 1987. Li 1991 Whitfield & Turner 1987
Seawater 83 Bi 0.0001             Broeker & Peng 1982
Central East China Craton   Pb/Bi 79.1             Compostional estimate of the entire Central East China province. Calculated on a sedimentary carbonate rock-free basis. Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton   Pb/Bi 85             Compostional estimate of the entire Central East China province. Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton   Pb/Bi 30             Compostional estimate of the entire Central East China province. Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton   Pb/Bi 57             Compostional estimate of the entire Central East China province. Assuming that the lowermost crust is represented by the average mafic granulite from Archean high-grade terrains in Central East China (Appendix 1). Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton   Pb/Bi 55             Compostional estimate of the entire Central East China province. Calculated on a sedimentary carbonate rock-free basis. Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton   Pb/Bi 34             Compostional estimate of the entire Central East China province. Assuming that the lowermost crust is represented by the average mafic granulite from Archean high-grade terrains in Central East China (Appendix 1). Gao et al. 1998
Continental Crust   Bi/Pb 0.0164             Elemental ratios as found in the Continental Crust according to Rudnick and Gao 2003. As in the text these values are used as comparisons to the Elemental ratios found in Primitive Upper Mantle from McDonough and Sun 1995. Salters & Stracke 2004
Click to return to previous page
Home  |  Databases  |  Events  |  Tools  |  Publications  |  Links  |  Google Site Search
Copyright Disclaimer  |  Who's Who  |  Database Team  |  Browsers and Plugins  |  Database Indices
Sponsored by NSF
EAR 0000998
Webservices and Database Support by the San Diego Supercomputer Center
Supported by Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences