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- Students know where and why volcanoes form and how that determines the shape, size, and explosivity of the volcano.
- Students understand the impacts volcanoes have on humans and the environment.
- Students know how volcanoes are monitored.
- All mountains have the ability to become volcanically active.
- Volcanoes only form near bodies of water.
- Volcanoes are common only in areas near the equator or other warm areas.
- Volcanoes appear in areas of rocky terrain.
- There is no pattern to volcano formation.
- Volcanoes are only found on land.
- All volcanoes erupt violently.
- Volcanoes only erupt straight up through the top vent.
- If a volcano doesn’t erupt for a hundred years, it’s extinct.
- If a volcano does not produce lava, it is not dangerous.
- It is possible for people to sink into lava.
- The mantle is liquid since liquid comes out of it.
- Volcanic eruptions are due to chemical reactions, fire, or hot explosives.
- Day 1: Mapping locations of volcanoes, anatomy of a volcano, and intrusion demonstration.
- Day 2: Lava flows, viscosity lab, and rock samples activity.
- Day 3: Volcano video.
- Day 4: Hazards and benefits of volcanoes, effects on the atmosphere demonstration, and dissolved gasses demonstrations.
- Day 5: Predicting eruptions, caldera formation demonstration, historic eruptions, and review game.
- Day 6: Exam.
- Day 7: Begin research.
- Day 8: Prepare presentation.
- Day 9: Student presentations.
- This unit was written for a 9th grade Earth science class, but it is also appropriate for middle school students.
- It was arranged for a class that meets three times a week for an hour and a half on the first two days and an hour on the third.
- This unit was taught after plate tectonics so students were familiar with plate boundaries, density, and layers of the Earth.
- No homework assignments are included in this unit. The option of assigning homework is left up to the instructor.
- The instructor has the option of assigning the final project and/or administering the exam. If the final project is assigned, the historic volcanoes lecture may be unnecessary.
- All teaching notes including tips, materials lists, activity and demonstration instructions, final project, and video recommendations are given in the “teaching notes” document.
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- Class begins with a review on latitude and longitude followed by a mapping activity where students map the locations of several volcanoes and are asked to find the pattern of the locations of volcanoes around the globe.
- Students learn what causes volcanoes to form and watch animations showing how they form.
- This is followed by a lesson on the internal structure of a volcano where students learn names of intrusive igneous bodies.
- The final activity is a class demonstration of intrusion using a red dye injected into a gelatin volcano. Students should follow the demonstration using the questions provided in the lecture notes worksheet. Instructions are provided in the teaching notes.
- Students learn about the composition of igneous rocks.
- Several samples of igneous rocks are passed around and students record their observations on the rock samples activity worksheet.
- This is followed by a lesson on different types of lava flows and short video clips of examples.
- The final activity is the viscosity lab. Instructions are given in the teaching notes and students should follow the viscosity lab worksheet.
- Students watch a documentary on volcanoes to help them visualize aspects of volcanoes that cannot be described easily such as what it is like to live next to a volcano and experience an eruption.
- A list of possible documentaries along with descriptions is provided in the teaching notes.
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- Class begins and ends with a demonstration of how volcanic products can affect Earth’s atmosphere. The “types of eruptions student worksheet” has a place for students to fill in the results and questions for the students to answer.
- This is followed by a demonstration of dissolved gases and how they can cause an explosion.
- The final demonstration allows students to see how liquids of different viscosities hold gases for varying lengths of time.
- Students learn about the effects of volcanoes on the atmosphere and the hazards and benefits that volcanoes pose to humans.
- This day begins with a lesson and demonstration on how calderas are formed and how scientists can predict volcanic eruptions.
- Next, there is a lesson on a few of the most destructive volcanic eruptions in recorded history.
- Finally, there is a review game to help students prepare for the test. The game can take up to an hour to complete, but can also be ended at any point.
- Students are given a multiple choice and fill in the blank exam. The answer key is provided.
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Week 3 daily lessons are optional.
- Students are put in groups of 3 and they either choose or are assigned a volcano to research. A list of volcanoes and instructions are given in the teaching notes. Students will need access to a library or computers.
- This day, the students will prepare their presentations. The instructor can assign posters and/or PowerPoint presentations. If PowerPoint presentations are assigned, students will need access to computers.
- Students present the information that they found. This can take more than one day depending on the number of students in the class and the time allotted for each presentation.
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Volcanic Eruption (EarthShots.org)
Kirkjufell Volcano Eruption
Sampling Lava
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- Grade Level: 9
- Time Frame: 2-3 weeks
- Objective: Give high school students a basic understanding of volcanoes, how and why they form, how they are monitored, and the impacts they have on humans and the environment.
- California State Earth Sciences Standards 3e: "Students know there are two kinds of volcanoes: one kind with violent eruptions producing steep slopes and the other kind with voluminous lava flows producing gentle slopes."
- California State Earth Sciences Standards 3f: "Students know the explanation for the location and properties of volcanoes that are due to hot spots and the explanation for those that are due to subduction."
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Scripps Pier
SIO Entrance
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Design EarthRef.org
Sponsored by NSF and NSDL
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