GERM Reservoir Database
Development and Maintenance by the EarthRef.org Database Team

	GERM Database Search Results   Save as ... ================== Excel spreadsheet Tab delimited text file   Sort by ... =========== Reservoir Z Element Value Median SD Low High N Unit Reference =========== Default   Units ... ======= ppm ppb ppt wt% wt%ox ======= Default   Reservoir Z Element Value Median SD Low High N Unit Info Reference Source(s) Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.002           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998 Cratonic Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.005           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.006           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.006           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Seawater 41 Nb 0.01           ppb Li 1982 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.015           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.019           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.027           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Baldissero Spinel Lherzolites 41 Nb 0.05   0.01     14 ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Balmuccia Spinel Lherzolites 41 Nb 0.05   0.02     18 ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.061           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.071           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.085           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998 Depleted-Depleted MORB Mantle 41 Nb 0.0864           ppm Workman & Hart 2005 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 41 Nb 0.096   0.011     16 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Cratonic Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.109           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.116           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Depleted Mantle 41 Nb 0.1485     0.1277 0.1671   ppm Workman & Hart 2005 Cratonic Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.19           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gergoire et al. 2002 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.2           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1998 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.229           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998 Cratonic Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.232           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 CI Chondrites 41 Nb 0.246           ppm Palme & Jones 2004 Anders & Grevesse 1989 Enriched-Depleted MORB Mantle 41 Nb 0.2462           ppm Workman & Hart 2005 CI Chondrites 41 Nb 0.247   0.00741       ppm Palme & Jones 2004 Palme & Beer 1993 Jochum et al. 2000 Chassigny Meteorite 41 Nb 0.34   0.03       ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Depleted Mantle 41 Nb 0.351           ppm Rehkamper & Hofmann 1997 CI Chondrites 41 Nb 0.352           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 0.37           ppm Kerr 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 41 Nb 0.399   0.019     31 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 ALH 84001 Meteorite 41 Nb 0.42           ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Primitive Mantle 41 Nb 0.44           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Solid Earth 41 Nb 0.44           ppm McDonough 2004 Solid Earth 41 Nb 0.44           µg/g McDonough 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 0.48           ppm Kerr 2004 Aitken & Echeverria 1984 Dupre & Echeverria 1984 Jochum et al. 1991 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.5           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Silicate Earth 41 Nb 0.56           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 0.57           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1996 Cratonic Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.581           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Protolith Gabbros at ODP Site 735 41 Nb 0.596         8 ppm Hart et al. 1999 Primitive Mantle 41 Nb 0.6           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Primitive Mantle 41 Nb 0.6           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Terrigenous Sediments   Nb/Al2O3 0.602   0.12     31   Plank & Langmuir 1998 Primitive Mantle 41 Nb 0.6175           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Silicate Earth 41 Nb 0.6175           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 41 Nb 0.618           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.64           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Johnson et al. 1996 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 0.64           ppm Kerr 2004 Aitken & Echeverria 1984 Dupre & Echeverria 1984 Jochum et al. 1991 ALH 77005 Meteorite 41 Nb 0.65   0.11       ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Allende Meteorite 41 Nb 0.65           wt%ox Martin & Mason 1974 Silicate Earth 41 Nb 0.66           µg/g McDonough 1998 Silicate Earth 41 Nb 0.66           ppm McDonough 2004 Cratonic Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.665           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 QUE 94201 Meteorite 41 Nb 0.68           ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Solar System 41 Nb 0.698   0.0098     2   Anders & Grevesse 1989 Komatiites 41 Nb 0.7           ppm Condie 1993 Cratonic Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.706           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Solar System 41 Nb 0.71   0.0994     9   Anders & Ebihara 1982 Silicate Earth 41 Nb 0.713           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Sun 1982 Sun & McDonough 1989 McDonough & Frey 1989 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 41 Nb 0.749   0.19     6 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 0.77           ppm Kerr 2004 Aitken & Echeverria 1984 Dupre & Echeverria 1984 Jochum et al. 1991 Olivine Chondrules 41 Nb 0.77     0.54 0.89 3 ppm Martin & Mason 1974 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.77             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.78             Condie 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 0.78           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1996 Carbonate 41 Nb 0.79         13 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Carbonate Turbidites   Nb/Al2O3 0.79   0.2     46   Plank & Langmuir 1998 Pelagic Clay   Nb/Al2O3 0.795   0.1     9   Plank & Langmuir 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 0.8           ppm Kerr 2004 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.82             Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.82             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.82             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.83             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.85             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.86             Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.86             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.87             Condie 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 0.87           ppm Kerr 2004 Aitken & Echeverria 1984 Dupre & Echeverria 1984 Jochum et al. 1991 Early Archean Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.88             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Th/Nb 0.88             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Th/Nb 0.88             Condie 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 0.89           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 2002 Subducted Sediment   Nb/Al2O3 0.898   0.06     130   Plank & Langmuir 1998 Primitive Mantle 41 Nb 0.9           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Solar System 41 Nb 0.9             Anders & Ebihara 1982 Cameron 1982 Cratonic Xenoliths 41 Nb 0.901           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Early Archean Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.93             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.93             Condie 1993 Pelagic Clay   Nb/Al2O3 0.93   0.19     25   Plank & Langmuir 1998 Marine Sediments   Nb/Al2O3 0.94   0.32     8   Plank & Langmuir 1998 McLennan et al. 1990 Late Archean Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.98             Condie 1993 Core 41 Nb 0           µg/g McDonough 1998 Nanno Ooze 41 Nb 1         2 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Primitive Mantle   La/Nb 1             Gao et al. 1998 Hofmann 1988 Seawater 41 Nb 1           ng/kg Quinby-Hunt & Turekian 1983 Carlisle & Hummerstone 1958 Red Clay   Nb/Al2O3 1.01         1   Plank & Langmuir 1998 Antilles Trench   Nb/Al2O3 1.05         3   Plank & Langmuir 1998 Stolz et al. 1996 N-MORB 41 Nb 1.07           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 Radiolarites   Nb/Al2O3 1.07   0.29     7   Plank & Langmuir 1998 Depleted D-MORB basalts   La/Nb 1.1             Salters & Stracke 2004 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 1.13           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 1.17           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   La/Nb 1.2             Salters & Stracke 2004 Upper Continental Crust   La/Nb 1.2             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 1.21           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 ODP/DSDP Site 417/418 41 Nb 1.22           ppm Staudigel et al. 1996 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 1.23           ppm Kerr 2004 Reynaud et al. 1999 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 1.27           ppm Kerr 2004 Hauff et al. 2000 Australian Granite 41 Nb 1.3         8 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Whalen 1985 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 1.31           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 1996 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 1.35           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 2002 CI Chondrites 41 Nb 1.39   0.04         Palme & Jones 2004 Solar Photosphere 41 Nb 1.42   0.06         Palme & Jones 2004 Grevesse & Sauval 1998 Solar Photosphere 41 Nb 1.42   0.06         Anders & Grevesse 1989 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 1.46           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 1.47           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1997 Hauff et al. 2000 Continental Crust   La/Nb 1.5             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Cratonic Xenoliths 41 Nb 1.5           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 1.52           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Nakhla Meteorite 41 Nb 1.57           ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Lower Continental Crust   La/Nb 1.6             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 1.62           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 1.65           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 2002 Nano Ooze 41 Nb 1.66         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 ODP Site 735 41 Nb 1.695 0.8       22 ppm Hart et al. 1999 REE Fractionated CAI Inclusions 41 Nb 1.7     0.94 2.6 5 ppm Martin & Mason 1974 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 1.73           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1995 Volcanoclastic Sediment 41 Nb 1.76         15 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Central America Trench 41 Nb 1.8           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 41 Nb 1.8   0     17 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 New Hebrides Islands 41 Nb 1.83         20 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 41 Nb 1.882   0.468     7 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 41 Nb 1.9   0.2     6 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 41 Nb 1.9   0     31 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Vanuatu Trench 41 Nb 1.99           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Andean Andesites 41 Nb 10           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Bailey 1981 Basic Precambrian Granulites 41 Nb 10         25 ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Cascadia Trench 41 Nb 10           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Central East China Craton 41 Nb 10           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 41 Nb 10           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 41 Nb 10           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 41 Nb 10           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 41 Nb 10           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Clastic Turbidites 41 Nb 10         28 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 East China Craton 41 Nb 10           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Felsic Volcanics 41 Nb 10           ppm Condie 1993 Graywackes 41 Nb 10           ppm Condie 1993 Graywackes 41 Nb 10           ppm Condie 1993 Graywackes 41 Nb 10           ppm Condie 1993 Graywackes 41 Nb 10           ppm Condie 1993 Interior North China Craton 41 Nb 10           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Interior North China Craton 41 Nb 10           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Interior North China Craton 41 Nb 10           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Intermediate Mafic Granulitic Xenolites 41 Nb 10 7       15 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Lower Continental Crust 41 Nb 10           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998a Middle Continental Crust 41 Nb 10           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Middle Continental Crust 41 Nb 10   2       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Seawater 41 Nb 10             Li 1991 Whitfield & Turner 1987 Brewer 1975 Silty Mud 41 Nb 10         16 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 South Margin of North China Craton 41 Nb 10           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Yangtze Craton 41 Nb 10           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Yangtze Craton 41 Nb 10           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Andaman Trench 41 Nb 10.09           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Central East China Craton 41 Nb 10.3           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 10.3           ppm Condie 1993 Radiolarian Clay 41 Nb 10.59         8 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Radiolarian Clay 41 Nb 10.59         8 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Cratonic Xenoliths 41 Nb 10.6           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Mafic Granulites 41 Nb 10.62         128 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Java Trench 41 Nb 10.92           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Cratonic Xenoliths 41 Nb 1024           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002 Basalts 41 Nb 105         16 ppm Farmer 2004 Rogers et al. 1998 Australian Granite 41 Nb 11         1074 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Wormald & Price 1988 Central East China Craton 41 Nb 11           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 41 Nb 11           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 41 Nb 11           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Continental Arcs 41 Nb 11           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Continental Crust 41 Nb 11           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Continental Crust 41 Nb 11           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Continental Crust 41 Nb 11           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998a Continental Crust 41 Nb 11           ppm Palme & O'Neill 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Continental Shields & Platforms 41 Nb 11           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 East China Craton 41 Nb 11           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Granulitic Xenolites 41 Nb 11 5       127 ppm Rudnick & Presper 1990 Graywackes 41 Nb 11           ppm Condie 1993 Intermediate Mafic Post-Archean Granulites 41 Nb 11 8       37 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Island Arcs 41 Nb 11           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Lower Continental Crust 41 Nb 11           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Marine Shales 41 Nb 11           ppm Li 1991 Turekian & Wedepohl 1961 Middle Continental Crust 41 Nb 11           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust 41 Nb 11           ppm Condie 1993 Oceanic Crust 41 Nb 11           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1981 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 11           ppm Kerr 2004 Hauff et al. 2000 Paleozoic Orogens 41 Nb 11           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 41 Nb 11         9 ppm Farmer 2004 Wooden et al. 1993 South Margin of North China Craton 41 Nb 11           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Margin of North China Craton 41 Nb 11           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Margin of North China Craton 41 Nb 11           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Yangtze Craton 41 Nb 11           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Yangtze Craton 41 Nb 11           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Marianas Trench 41 Nb 11.04           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 E-MORB 41 Nb 11.2           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust 41 Nb 11.2           ppm Condie 1993 Sumatra Trench 41 Nb 11.26           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Lower Continental Crust 41 Nb 11.3           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Shales 41 Nb 11.3           ppm Condie 1993 Turbidites 41 Nb 11.31         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Arenaceous Rocks 41 Nb 11.5         121 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust 41 Nb 11.5           ppm Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust 41 Nb 11.6           ppm Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust 41 Nb 11.6           ppm Condie 1993 Makran Trench 41 Nb 11.71           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Andes Basalt 41 Nb 11.76         24 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Honshu Basalt 41 Nb 11.8         21 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Carbonate Turbidites   Nb/Ta 11.9   1.1     8   Plank & Langmuir 1998 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust 41 Nb 11.9           ppm Condie 1993 Orangeite 41 Nb 115         114 ppm Farmer 2004 Mitchell 1995 Central East China Craton 41 Nb 12           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Continental Crust 41 Nb 12           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Early Archean Upper Crust   Nb/Ta 12             Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   Nb/Ta 12             Condie 1993 Granites 41 Nb 12           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Sylvester 1995 Granites 41 Nb 12           ppm Condie 1993 Graywackes 41 Nb 12           ppm Condie 1993 Interior North China Craton 41 Nb 12           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Late Archean Upper Crust   Nb/Ta 12             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   Nb/Ta 12             Condie 1993 Metafelsic Volcanics 41 Nb 12         41 ppm Gao et al. 1998 North Qinling Belt in China 41 Nb 12           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Margin of North China Craton 41 Nb 12           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Qinling Belt in China 41 Nb 12           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Qinling Belt in China 41 Nb 12           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 12           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 12           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 12   1       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 12           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 12           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust   Nb/Ta 12             Condie 1993 Yangtze Craton 41 Nb 12           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust 41 Nb 12.1           ppm Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust 41 Nb 12.2           ppm Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust 41 Nb 12.3           ppm Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust 41 Nb 12.4           ppm Condie 1993 Mafic Intrusions 41 Nb 12.4         308 ppm Gao et al. 1998 DSDP/ODP Site 801 41 Nb 12.6           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 Pelagic Clay   Nb/Ta 12.6   1.6     7   Plank & Langmuir 1998 DSDP/ODP Site 801 41 Nb 12.62           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 121.9           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Cratonic Xenoliths 41 Nb 1278           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002 Australian Granite 41 Nb 13         704 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Chappell & White 1992 Continental Crust 41 Nb 13           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Weaver & Tarney 1984 Continental Crust 41 Nb 13           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Nb/Ta 13             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Nb/Ta 13             Condie 1993 Felsic Post-Archean Granulites 41 Nb 13 8       78 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Felsic Volcanics 41 Nb 13           ppm Condie 1993 Intermediate Precambrian Granulites 41 Nb 13         26 ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Nb/Ta 13             Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Nb/Ta 13             Condie 1993 Lower Continental Crust 41 Nb 13           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Taylor 1987 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Orogens 41 Nb 13           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Nb/Ta 13             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Nb/Ta 13             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Nb/Ta 13             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Nb/Ta 13             Condie 1993 North American Shale Composite (NASC) 41 Nb 13           ppm Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Nb/Ta 13             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Nb/Ta 13             Condie 1993 Rifted Continental Margins 41 Nb 13           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 South Qinling Belt in China 41 Nb 13           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 41 Nb 13         641 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust   Nb/Ta 13             Condie 1993 Pelagic Clay 41 Nb 13.1           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 Pelagic Clay 41 Nb 13.11         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Ryuku Trench 41 Nb 13.17           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Metalliferous Clay 41 Nb 13.2         12 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Pelagic Clay 41 Nb 13.31         8 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Pelagic Clay 41 Nb 13.33         3 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Pelagic Clay 41 Nb 13.48         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Arenaceous Rocks 41 Nb 13.5         2754 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Felsic Volcanics 41 Nb 13.5         972 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Terrigenous Sediments   Nb/Ta 13.5   2.4     15   Plank & Langmuir 1998 Granites 41 Nb 13.7         402 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 41 Nb 13.7         36 ppm Farmer 2004 Hooper & Hawkesworth 1993 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 13.7           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Plank & Langmuir 1998 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 13.7   0.92       ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Cratonic Xenoliths 41 Nb 1318           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002 Active Continental Rifts 41 Nb 14           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Basalts 41 Nb 14         7 ppm Farmer 2004 Conticelli et al. 1997 Basalts 41 Nb 14         27 ppm Farmer 2004 Farmer et al. 2002 Cratonic Xenoliths 41 Nb 14           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002 Granulites 41 Nb 14 19       189 ppm Rudnick & Presper 1990 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Zr/Nb 14             Condie 1993 Lower Continental Crust 41 Nb 14           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Marine Pelagic Clay 41 Nb 14           ppm Li 1991 Turekian & Wedepohl 1961 Marine Pelagic Clay 41 Nb 14           ppm Li 1982 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Zr/Nb 14             Condie 1993 North Qinling Belt in China 41 Nb 14           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Zr/Nb 14             Condie 1993 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 41 Nb 14         7 ppm Farmer 2004 Wooden et al. 1993 Precambrian Granulites 41 Nb 14         88 ppm Shaw et al. 1986 South Qinling Belt in China 41 Nb 14           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Ultrabasic Precambrian Granulites 41 Nb 14         14 ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Subducted Sediment   Nb/Ta 14.2   1.8     50   Plank & Langmuir 1998 Nankai Trench 41 Nb 14.31           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Pelagic Clay 41 Nb 14.31         55 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Central East China Craton   Nb/Ta 14.7             Gao et al. 1998 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   Nb/Ta 14.73             Salters & Stracke 2004 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Zr/Nb 15             Condie 1993 Felsic Volcanics 41 Nb 15           ppm Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Zr/Nb 15             Condie 1993 Lower Continental Crust 41 Nb 15           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Villaseca et al. 1999 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Extensions 41 Nb 15           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Zr/Nb 15             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Zr/Nb 15             Condie 1993 North Qinling Belt in China 41 Nb 15           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Zr/Nb 15             Condie 1993 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 41 Nb 15         6 ppm Farmer 2004 Lightfoot et al. 1990 Depleted D-MORB basalts   Nb/Ta 15.19             Salters & Stracke 2004 Pelites 41 Nb 15.2         69 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Red Clay   Nb/Ta 15.3         1   Plank & Langmuir 1998 Shales 41 Nb 15.4           ppm Condie 1993 Radiolarites   Nb/Ta 15.5   2.9     7   Plank & Langmuir 1998 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 15.9           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Glaser et al. 1999 Basalts 41 Nb 16         10 ppm Farmer 2004 Chung et al. 2001 Early Archean Upper Crust   Zr/Nb 16             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Zr/Nb 16             Condie 1993 Felsic Volcanics 41 Nb 16           ppm Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Zr/Nb 16             Condie 1993 North Qinling Belt in China 41 Nb 16           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Silicic Precambrian Granulites 41 Nb 16         23 ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Upper Continental Crust   Zr/Nb 16             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Zr/Nb 16             Condie 1993 Antilles Trench   Nb/Ta 16.4         3   Plank & Langmuir 1998 Stolz et al. 1996 Central East China Craton   Nb/Ta 16.5             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Nb/Ta 16.7             Gao et al. 1998 Shales 41 Nb 16.8           ppm Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   Zr/Nb 17             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   Zr/Nb 17             Condie 1993 North Qinling Belt in China 41 Nb 17           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 41 Nb 17         18 ppm Farmer 2004 Lightfoot et al. 1990 Spinel Peridotites   Nb/Ta 17 17 3     4   McDonough 1990 Central East China Craton   Nb/Ta 17.3             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Nb/Ta 17.4             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Nb/Ta 17.5             Gao et al. 1998 Volcanoclastic Turbidites 41 Nb 17.51         43 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 CI Chondrites   Nb/Ta 17.6             McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun & McDonough 1989 Sun 1982 Continental Crust 41 Nb 17.6           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle   Nb/Ta 17.6             McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun & McDonough 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle   Nb/Ta 17.6             Gao et al. 1998 Hofmann 1988 Mavic Volcanics 41 Nb 17.8         632 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Nb/Ta 17.9             Gao et al. 1998 Granites 41 Nb 17.9         1226 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Continental Crust 41 Nb 18           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Wedepohl 1995 Felsic Volcanics 41 Nb 18           ppm Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   Zr/Nb 18             Condie 1993 Pelites 41 Nb 18.2         1341 ppm Gao et al. 1998 North Antilles Trench 41 Nb 18.33           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Continental Crust 41 Nb 19           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Continental Crust 41 Nb 19           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Central East China Craton   Nb/Ta 19.5             Gao et al. 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 2.02           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1997 Hauff et al. 2000 Colombia Trench 41 Nb 2.08           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 2.16           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 2002 Boninites 41 Nb 2.17         31 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Middle Continental Crust   La/Nb 2.2             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Kermadec Basalts 41 Nb 2.3         10 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Hydrothermal Sediment 41 Nb 2.37         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 41 Nb 2.407   0.131     13 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 41 Nb 2.407   0.04     42 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Silicified Limestone 41 Nb 2.44           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 2.5           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1996 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 2.66           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 2.74           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Central East China Craton   La/Nb 2.85             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   La/Nb 2.85             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   La/Nb 2.86             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   La/Nb 2.88             Gao et al. 1998 Kamchatka Basalt 41 Nb 2.9         32 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Central East China Craton   La/Nb 2.95             Gao et al. 1998 N-MORB 41 Nb 2.99           ppm Klein 2004 Niu et al. 1999 Basalts 41 Nb 20         13 ppm Farmer 2004 Robert et al. 1992 Continental Crust 41 Nb 20           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1986 Continental Crust 41 Nb 20           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor 1964 Continental Crust 41 Nb 20           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Felsic Volcanics 41 Nb 20           ppm Condie 1993 Granites 41 Nb 20           ppm Condie 1993 Felsic Volcanics 41 Nb 21           ppm Condie 1993 Granites 41 Nb 21           ppm Condie 1993 Metapelitic Granulitic Xenolites 41 Nb 21 14       29 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 South Antilles Trench 41 Nb 21.32           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Pelagic Clay   Nb/Ta 21.8   4.3     9   Plank & Langmuir 1998 Depleted Mantle 41 Nb 210   73.5       ppb Salters & Stracke 2004 Australian Granite 41 Nb 22         6 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Turner et al. 1992 Volcanoclastic Turbidites 41 Nb 23.7           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 Volcanoclastic Turbidites 41 Nb 23.75         13 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Kimberlite 41 Nb 239         22 ppm Farmer 2004 Taylor et al. 1994 Basalts 41 Nb 24         7 ppm Farmer 2004 Price et al. 1997 Australian Granite 41 Nb 24.5           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Collins et al. 1982 CI Chondrites 41 Nb 240           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 CI Chondrites 41 Nb 246   3.4     2 ppb Anders & Grevesse 1989 CI Chondrites 41 Nb 246           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Palme 1988 Orgueil Chondrite 41 Nb 246         2 ppb Anders & Grevesse 1989 CI Chondrites 41 Nb 247   7.41       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Palme & Jones 2004 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 25           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 25           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 25           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Orgueil Chondrite 41 Nb 250           ppb Anders & Ebihara 1982 Precambrian Canadian Shield 41 Nb 26           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 26           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 26           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 26           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 41 Nb 27         1 ppm Farmer 2004 Peate 1997 Diorite 41 Nb 27.7         260 ppm Gao et al. 1998 CI Chondrites 41 Nb 270           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Wasson & Kallemeyn 1988 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 3           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Chert 41 Nb 3.02         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 MORB Basaltic Glass 41 Nb 3.06           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 Central East China Craton   La/Nb 3.07             Gao et al. 1998 N-MORB 41 Nb 3.08           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 Interlayered Chert & Limestone 41 Nb 3.1         5 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Central East China Craton   La/Nb 3.17             Gao et al. 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 3.32           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 3.33           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 3.4           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1996 Oceanic Crust 41 Nb 3.5           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 N-MORB 41 Nb 3.507           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Hofmann 1988 Ito et al. 1987 Smith et al. 1995 Hauri & Hart 1997 N-MORB 41 Nb 3.507   1.932     26 ppm Hofmann 1988 Jochum et al. 1988 Greater Antilles Basalt 41 Nb 3.51         14 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Central East China Craton   La/Nb 3.58             Gao et al. 1998 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 41 Nb 3.6   0.4     7 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Melitite-rich Chondrules 41 Nb 3.7     1.9 5.1 10 ppm Martin & Mason 1974 Sandstones 41 Nb 3.7           ppm Condie 1993 Granites 41 Nb 3.73         8 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Kemp 2001 Marianas Basalt 41 Nb 3.81         14 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Peru Trench 41 Nb 3.85           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Izu-Bonin Trench 41 Nb 3.87           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Cratonic Xenoliths 41 Nb 3.9           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002 Island Arc Andesite 41 Nb 3.99         129 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Basalts 41 Nb 30         3 ppm Farmer 2004 Wilson et al. 1997 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 34.4           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Glaser et al. 1999 Basalts 41 Nb 4           ppm Condie 1993 Interlayerd Clay & Chert 41 Nb 4         2 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Lower Continental Crust 41 Nb 4           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Radiolarites 41 Nb 4         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Radiolarites 41 Nb 4           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 Sandstones 41 Nb 4           ppm Condie 1993 Aleutian Basalts 41 Nb 4.05         17 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Island Arc Andesite 41 Nb 4.08         20 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Carbonates 41 Nb 4.1         50 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Sandstones 41 Nb 4.1           ppm Condie 1993 Andesites 41 Nb 4.14         50 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Plank & Langmuir 1988 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 4.16           ppm Kerr 2004 Reynaud et al. 1999 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 41 Nb 4.2   0     86 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 41 Nb 4.2   0.2     13 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Kamchatka Trench 41 Nb 4.23           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 4.29           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1997 Hauff et al. 2000 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 4.3           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 1996 Basalts 41 Nb 4.5           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 41 Nb 4.5           ppm Condie 1993 Philip Trench 41 Nb 4.51           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Diatom Oozes & Clay 41 Nb 4.56         15 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 South Sandwich Trench 41 Nb 4.56           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Shergotty Meteorite 41 Nb 4.6           ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Radiolarites 41 Nb 4.61         17 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Lesser Antilles Basalt 41 Nb 4.79         52 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Spinel Peridotites 41 Nb 4.8 2.7 6.3     58 ppm McDonough 1990 Ashy Clay 41 Nb 4.83         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 MORB Basaltic Glass 41 Nb 4.89           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 4.9           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 2002 Andesites 41 Nb 4.95         21 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 4.98           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Basalts 41 Nb 40         9 ppm Farmer 2004 Hoang & Flower 1998 Basalts 41 Nb 43         44 ppm Farmer 2004 Baker et al. 1997 Depleted D-MORB basalts   Nb/U 44.4             Salters & Stracke 2004 Basalts 41 Nb 45         5 ppm Farmer 2004 Wilson et al. 1997 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   Nb/U 45.74             Salters & Stracke 2004 Archean Lower Crust 41 Nb 5           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Weaver & Tarney 1984 Basalts 41 Nb 5           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 41 Nb 5           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 41 Nb 5           ppm Condie 1993 Continental Arcs 41 Nb 5           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Continental Shields & Platforms 41 Nb 5           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Granulites 41 Nb 5           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Weaver & Tarney 1982 Lower Continental Crust 41 Nb 5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Weaver & Tarney 1984 Lower Continental Crust 41 Nb 5           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Lower Continental Crust 41 Nb 5           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Lower Continental Crust 41 Nb 5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Lower Continental Crust 41 Nb 5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 5           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 2002 Rifted Continental Margins 41 Nb 5           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 N-MORB 41 Nb 5.02           ppm Klein 2004 Thompson et al. 1980 Diatome Mud 41 Nb 5.03         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Luzon Basalt 41 Nb 5.05         11 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 MORB Basaltic Glass 41 Nb 5.13           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 Transitional Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts 41 Nb 5.15           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 Carbonates 41 Nb 5.3         2038 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Cratonic Xenoliths 41 Nb 5.36           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Carbonate Turbidites 41 Nb 5.4         87 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Basalts 41 Nb 5.5           ppm Condie 1993 REE Unfractionated CAI Inclusions 41 Nb 5.5     1.9 9.1 2 ppm Martin & Mason 1974 Diatome Ooze 41 Nb 5.55         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Lower Continental Crust 41 Nb 5.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Presper 1990 Lower Continental Crust 41 Nb 5.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1994 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 5.7           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 5.8           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Tongan Basalts 41 Nb 5.88         6 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Manganese Nodules 41 Nb 50           ppm Li 1991 Baturin 1988 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Ba/Nb 57             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Ba/Nb 58             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Ba/Nb 58             Condie 1993 Primitive Mantle 41 Nb 588   117.6       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Ba/Nb 59             Condie 1993 Active Continental Rifts 41 Nb 6           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Andesites 41 Nb 6           ppm Condie 1993 Archean Amphibolites 41 Nb 6           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Weaver & Tarney 1981 Lower Continental Crust 41 Nb 6           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Mafic Archean Granulites 41 Nb 6 5       71 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Middle Continental Crust 41 Nb 6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Weaver & Tarney 1984 Paleozoic Orogens 41 Nb 6           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 41 Nb 6         1 ppm Farmer 2004 Peate 1997 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts 41 Nb 6.04         20 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Andesites 41 Nb 6.1           ppm Condie 1993 Continental Arc Andesite 41 Nb 6.23         135 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Lower Continental Crust 41 Nb 6.4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Liu et al. 2001 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 41 Nb 6.4         355 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Martin 1995 Cascade Basalt 41 Nb 6.7         21 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Chert 41 Nb 6.7           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 Island Arcs 41 Nb 6.7         323 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Silver & Chappell 1998 Lower Continental Crust 41 Nb 6.7           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Scotia Island Basalt 41 Nb 6.71         16 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Chert 41 Nb 6.74         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Ba/Nb 60             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Ba/Nb 60             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Ba/Nb 60             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Ba/Nb 61             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Ba/Nb 61             Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   Ba/Nb 62             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Ba/Nb 62             Condie 1993 Basalts 41 Nb 62.4         8 ppm Farmer 2004 Zhang & O'Reilly 1997 Late Archean Upper Crust   Ba/Nb 64             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Ba/Nb 64             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Ba/Nb 64             Condie 1993 Primitive Mantle 41 Nb 658   98.7       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Silicate Earth 41 Nb 658   98.7       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Basalts 41 Nb 69         4 ppm Farmer 2004 Chung 1999 Basalts 41 Nb 69         3 ppm Farmer 2004 Chung et al. 1995 Early Archean Upper Crust   Ba/Nb 69             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   Ba/Nb 69             Condie 1993 Archean Terrains 41 Nb 7           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Basalts 41 Nb 7         12 ppm Farmer 2004 Dungan et al. 1986 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Extensions 41 Nb 7           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Orogens 41 Nb 7           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 7           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Central American Basalts 41 Nb 7.03         29 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 7.08           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov et al. 1997 Turbidites 41 Nb 7.15         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 41 Nb 7.3         553 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Interlayered Clay & Chert 41 Nb 7.39         12 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Alaska Trench 41 Nb 7.41           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Intermediate Mafic Archean Granulites 41 Nb 7.5 7       76 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 41 Nb 7.5           ppm Condie 1993 Japan Trench 41 Nb 7.67           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Kuriles Trench 41 Nb 7.67           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Radiolarian Clay 41 Nb 7.73         2 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Aleutian Trench 41 Nb 7.74           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Lower Continental Crust 41 Nb 7.75           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie & Selverstone 1999 Continental Arc Andesite 41 Nb 7.94         34 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Basalts 41 Nb 74         6 ppm Farmer 2004 Marzoli et al. 2000 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 74.8           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov et al. 1997 Andesites 41 Nb 8           ppm Condie 1993 Andesites 41 Nb 8           ppm Condie 1993 Andesites 41 Nb 8           ppm Condie 1993 Central East China Craton 41 Nb 8           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Continental Crust 41 Nb 8           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Continental Crust 41 Nb 8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Continental Crust 41 Nb 8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Continental Crust 41 Nb 8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Continental Crust 41 Nb 8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Felsic Archean Granulites 41 Nb 8 5       232 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Middle Continental Crust 41 Nb 8           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Middle Continental Crust 41 Nb 8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 8           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1997 Hauff et al. 2000 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 41 Nb 8           ppm Condie 1993 Brown Clay 41 Nb 8.06         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Late Archean Upper Crust 41 Nb 8.3           ppm Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust 41 Nb 8.4           ppm Condie 1993 Greywackes 41 Nb 8.4           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Tonga Trench 41 Nb 8.44           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Andesites 41 Nb 8.5           ppm Condie 1993 Continental Crust 41 Nb 8.5           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Early Archean Upper Crust 41 Nb 8.5           ppm Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust 41 Nb 8.5           ppm Condie 1993 Amphibolites 41 Nb 8.7         189 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Interior North China Craton 41 Nb 8.7           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Middle Continental Crust 41 Nb 8.7           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1994 East Sunda Trench 41 Nb 8.74           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Tonalites 41 Nb 8.8           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Brown Clay 41 Nb 8.9         29 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 41 Nb 8.9           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1995 Subducted Sediment 41 Nb 8.94   0.94       ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Basalts 41 Nb 82         16 ppm Farmer 2004 Jung & Hoernes 2000 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 41 Nb 83.9           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002 Andesites 41 Nb 9           ppm Condie 1993 Diatome Clay 41 Nb 9         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Granulites 41 Nb 9 6       430 ppm Rudnick & Presper 1990 Green Clay 41 Nb 9         3 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Mafic Granulitic Xenolites 41 Nb 9 4       102 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Mafic Post-Archean Granulites 41 Nb 9 6       33 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Peninsular Range Batholith 41 Nb 9           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Sylvester 1995 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 41 Nb 9         1 ppm Farmer 2004 Peate 1997 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 41 Nb 9           ppm Condie 1993 Felsic Granulites 41 Nb 9.2         137 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Intermediate Granulites 41 Nb 9.2         136 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Pelagic Clay 41 Nb 9.31         56 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Pelagic Clay 41 Nb 9.31         56 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 DSDP/ODP Site 800 41 Nb 9.46           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Kerm Trench 41 Nb 9.46           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Mexico Trench 41 Nb 9.58           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Australian Granite 41 Nb 9.8         13 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Inger & Harris 1993 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 9.8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 41 Nb 9.8           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 41 Nb 90.7         23 ppm Farmer 2004 Paslick et al. 1995 Basalts 41 Nb 91         8 ppm Farmer 2004 Marzoli et al. 2000 Carbonates 41 Nb         1 162 ppm Mirota & Veizer 1994 Northern Blake Plateau Phosphorites 41 Nb         0.001 8 wt%ox Manheim et al. 1980 Oceans Surface water 41 Nb         10   ng/kg Quinby-Hunt & Turekian 1983 Carlisle & Hummerstone 1958 Seawater 41 Nb         5e-05     Broeker & Peng 1982 Seawater 41 Nb         50     Bruland 1983