GERM Reservoir Database
Development and Maintenance by the EarthRef.org Database Team

	GERM Database Search Results   Save as ... ================== Excel spreadsheet Tab delimited text file   Sort by ... =========== Reservoir Z Element Value Median SD Low High N Unit Reference =========== Default   Units ... ======= ppm ppb ppt wt% wt%ox ======= Default   Reservoir Z Element Value Median SD Low High N Unit Info Reference Source(s) Seawater 70 Yb 5e-06             Broeker & Peng 1982 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.0003           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Seawater 70 Yb 0.0008           ppb Li 1982 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.001           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Mead Peak Phosphatic Shale Member 70 Yb 0.001         41 ppm Gulbrandsen 1966 Phosphoria Formation 70 Yb 0.001         61 ppm Gulbrandsen 1966 Northern Blake Plateau Phosphorites 70 Yb 0.0023           wt% Manheim et al. 1980 Ehrlich 1968 Rivers 70 Yb 0.004           ppb Li 1982 Martin & Meybeck 1979 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.015           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.018           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.018           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998 Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.035           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.038           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.05           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002 Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.08           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002 Chassigny Meteorite 70 Yb 0.11   0.01       ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.12           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov et al. 1997 Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.121           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.146           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 CI Chondrites 70 Yb 0.1625           ppm Palme & Jones 2004 Anders & Grevesse 1989 CI Chondrites 70 Yb 0.165   0.00825       ppm Palme & Jones 2004 Palme & Beer 1993 CI Chondrites 70 Yb 0.166           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Palme et al. 1981 Anders & Ebihara 1982 Beer et al. 1984 Jochum et al. 1986 Solar System 70 Yb 0.2             Anders & Ebihara 1982 Cameron 1982 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.202           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.21           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov et al. 1997 Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.21           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Stachel et al. 1998 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.215           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 70 Yb 0.219   0.009     16 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 CI Chondrites 70 Yb 0.237           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Solar System 70 Yb 0.243             Anders & Ebihara 1982 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.247           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Solar System 70 Yb 0.2479   0.00397     4   Anders & Grevesse 1989 Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.26           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Spinel Peridotites 70 Yb 0.26 0.27 0.14     201 ppm McDonough 1990 ALH 84001 Meteorite 70 Yb 0.29   0.03       ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Baldissero Spinel Lherzolites 70 Yb 0.3   0.02     14 ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Solid Earth 70 Yb 0.3           ppm McDonough 2004 Solid Earth 70 Yb 0.3           µg/g McDonough 1998 Allende Meteorite 70 Yb 0.31           wt%ox Martin & Mason 1974 Balmuccia Spinel Lherzolites 70 Yb 0.31   0.12     18 ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Carbonates 70 Yb 0.32         50 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.32           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Glaser et al. 1999 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.32           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983 Depleted-Depleted MORB Mantle 70 Yb 0.348           ppm Workman & Hart 2005 Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.359           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Depleted Mantle 70 Yb 0.365     0.353 0.374   ppm Workman & Hart 2005 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.37           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Sera de Mage Eucrite 70 Yb 0.37           ppm Morgan et al. 1978 Schnetzler & Philpotts 1969 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.372           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Silicate Earth 70 Yb 0.372           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Enriched-Depleted MORB Mantle 70 Yb 0.382           ppm Workman & Hart 2005 Nakhla Meteorite 70 Yb 0.39   0.02       ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Komatiites   La[n]/Yb[n] 0.4             Condie 1993 Depleted Mantle 70 Yb 0.401   0.02807       ppm Salters & Stracke 2004 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.41           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.414           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.4144           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Silicate Earth 70 Yb 0.4144           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.43           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.44           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gergoire et al. 2002 Silicate Earth 70 Yb 0.44           µg/g McDonough 1998 Silicate Earth 70 Yb 0.44           ppm McDonough 2004 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.46           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.475           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.48           ppm McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Silicate Earth 70 Yb 0.481           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Sun 1982 Sun & McDonough 1989 McDonough & Frey 1989 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.489           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.49           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984 Silicate Earth 70 Yb 0.49           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Jagoutz et al. 1979 Wanke et al. 1984 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 0.5           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1996 Peninsular Range Batholith 70 Yb 0.51           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Sylvester 1995 Sandstones 70 Yb 0.52           ppm Condie 1993 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 70 Yb 0.55         355 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Martin 1995 Carbonates 70 Yb 0.58         2038 ppm Gao et al. 1998 ALH 77005 Meteorite 70 Yb 0.59   0.03       ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Olivine Chondrules 70 Yb 0.6     0.47 0.7 3 ppm Martin & Mason 1974 Oceans Surface water 70 Yb 0.61           ng/kg Quinby-Hunt & Turekian 1983 Elderfield & Greaves 1982 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.62           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Palme & Nickel 1985 Middle Continental Crust 70 Yb 0.63           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1994 Kimberlite 70 Yb 0.66         22 ppm Farmer 2004 Taylor et al. 1994 Interlayered Chert & Limestone 70 Yb 0.75         5 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Archean Amphibolites 70 Yb 0.76           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Weaver & Tarney 1981 Middle Continental Crust 70 Yb 0.76           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Weaver & Tarney 1984 Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 0.79           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Liu et al. 2001 Boninites 70 Yb 0.8         69 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Oceans Deep water 70 Yb 0.81           ng/kg Quinby-Hunt & Turekian 1983 Elderfield & Greaves 1982 REE Fractionated CAI Inclusions 70 Yb 0.81     0.37 1.6 5 ppm Martin & Mason 1974 Komatiites 70 Yb 0.84           ppm Condie 1993 Sandstones 70 Yb 0.84           ppm Condie 1993 Enstatite Chondrites   Sm/Yb 0.86   0.05         McDonough & Sun 1995 Carbonaceous Chondrites   Sm/Yb 0.89   0.04         McDonough & Sun 1995 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.893           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998 Ordinary Chondrites   Sm/Yb 0.9   0.04         McDonough & Sun 1995 Seawater 70 Yb 0.9           ng/kg Quinby-Hunt & Turekian 1983 Elderfield & Greaves 1982 Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.906           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 CI Chondrites   Sm/Yb 0.919             McDonough & Sun 1995 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 70 Yb 0.941   0.024     31 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 CI Chondrites 70 Yb 0.95   0.02         Palme & Jones 2004 Radiolarites 70 Yb 0.96         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 0.99         31   Farmer 2004 Hooper & Hawkesworth 1993 Core 70 Yb 0           µg/g McDonough 1998 CI Chondrites   La[n]/Yb[n] 1             McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun & McDonough 1989 Sun 1982 Igneous Rocks 70 Yb 1           ppm Morgan et al. 1978 Jerome 1970 Primitive Mantle   La[n]/Yb[n] 1             McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun & McDonough 1989 Sun 1982 Radiolarites 70 Yb 1           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 70 Yb 1           ppm Condie 1993 Solar Photosphere 70 Yb 1.08   0.15         Anders & Grevesse 1989 Solar Photosphere 70 Yb 1.08   0.15         Palme & Jones 2004 Grevesse & Sauval 1998 Igneous Rocks 70 Yb 1.1           ppm Morgan et al. 1978 Schnetzler & Philpotts 1969 Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.13           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1994 Granites   (Gd/Yb)(N) 1.15         8   Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Kemp 2001 Colombia Trench 70 Yb 1.19           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Chert 70 Yb 1.2           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 Granulites 70 Yb 1.2           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Weaver & Tarney 1982 Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Weaver & Tarney 1984 Volcanoclastic Turbidites 70 Yb 1.2         13 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Volcanoclastic Turbidites 70 Yb 1.2           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 Chert 70 Yb 1.21         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 1.23           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002 Orangeite 70 Yb 1.23         114 ppm Farmer 2004 Mitchell 1995 Archean Terrains 70 Yb 1.25           ppm Condie 1991 Australian Granite   (Gd/Yb)(N) 1.25             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Collins et al. 1982 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 70 Yb 1.25         553 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Australian Granite 70 Yb 1.29         13 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Inger & Harris 1993 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 1.3             Condie 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 1.3           ppm Kerr 2004 Aitken & Echeverria 1984 Dupre & Echeverria 1984 Jochum et al. 1991 REE Unfractionated CAI Inclusions 70 Yb 1.3     0.74 1.9 2 ppm Martin & Mason 1974 Volcanoclastic Turbidites 70 Yb 1.3         43 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Andesites 70 Yb 1.32         28 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Basalts 70 Yb 1.33         10 ppm Farmer 2004 Chung et al. 2001 Nano Ooze 70 Yb 1.36         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 1.36           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 2002 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 1.36           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1996 Luzon Basalt 70 Yb 1.38         13 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Aleutian Basalts 70 Yb 1.4         27 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Continental Arcs 70 Yb 1.4           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Graywackes 70 Yb 1.4           ppm Condie 1993 Graywackes 70 Yb 1.4           ppm Condie 1993 Rifted Continental Margins 70 Yb 1.4           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Silicified Limestone 70 Yb 1.4           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 1.42           ppm Kerr 2004 Radiolarites 70 Yb 1.43         17 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Basalts 70 Yb 1.44         27 ppm Farmer 2004 Farmer et al. 2002 Basalts 70 Yb 1.46         4 ppm Farmer 2004 Chung 1999 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 1.46           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Johnson et al. 1996 Felsic Granulites 70 Yb 1.46         137 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Australian Granite   (Gd/Yb)(N) 1.47         8   Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Whalen 1985 Precambrian Canadian Shield 70 Yb 1.47           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.47           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Early Archean Upper Crust 70 Yb 1.49           ppm Condie 1993 Andean Andesites 70 Yb 1.5           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Bailey 1981 Archean Terrains 70 Yb 1.5           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Carbonate Turbidites 70 Yb 1.5         87 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Weaver & Tarney 1984 Continental Shields & Platforms 70 Yb 1.5           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 1.5           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Diatom Oozes & Clay 70 Yb 1.5         15 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Intermediate Mafic Granulitic Xenolites 70 Yb 1.5 1.5       28 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.5           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.5           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Middle Continental Crust   (Gd/Yb)(N) 1.5             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Seawater 70 Yb 1.5             Li 1991 Whitfield & Turner 1987 South Sandwich Trench 70 Yb 1.5           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 70 Yb 1.5   0.212     6 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 70 Yb 1.5           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.5           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Shergotty Meteorite 70 Yb 1.52   0.15       ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.53           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Mafic Granulitic Xenolites 70 Yb 1.53 1.17       120 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 70 Yb 1.53         641 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Continental Arc Andesite 70 Yb 1.54         57 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Granites 70 Yb 1.55           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Sylvester 1995 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 70 Yb 1.55         7 ppm Farmer 2004 Wooden et al. 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust 70 Yb 1.56           ppm Condie 1993 Carbonate 70 Yb 1.57         13 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 New Hebrides Islands 70 Yb 1.57         21 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Protolith Gabbros at ODP Site 735 70 Yb 1.57         8 ppm Hart et al. 1999 Lesser Antilles Basalt 70 Yb 1.59         56 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Felsic Archean Granulites 70 Yb 1.6 0.6       111 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Nankai Trench 70 Yb 1.6           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 1.6         55 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Continental Crust   (Gd/Yb)(N) 1.61             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Tongan Basalts 70 Yb 1.62         12 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Early Archean Upper Crust 70 Yb 1.63           ppm Condie 1993 Interior North China Craton 70 Yb 1.64           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust   (Gd/Yb)(N) 1.65             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Central East China Craton 70 Yb 1.67           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Granites 70 Yb 1.67         8 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Kemp 2001 Basalts 70 Yb 1.68         9 ppm Farmer 2004 Hoang & Flower 1998 Central American Basalts 70 Yb 1.68         29 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Intermediate Granulites 70 Yb 1.7         136 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Intermediate Mafic Archean Granulites 70 Yb 1.7 1.4       36 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Juvinas Eucrite 70 Yb 1.7           ppm Morgan et al. 1978 Wanke et al. 1972 Schnetzler & Philpotts 1969 Jerome 1970 Lower Continental Crust   (Gd/Yb)(N) 1.7             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.7           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Presper 1990 Mafic Intrusions 70 Yb 1.7         308 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Metafelsic Volcanics 70 Yb 1.7         41 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 70 Yb 1.7           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 70 Yb 1.71         8 ppm Farmer 2004 Zhang & O'Reilly 1997 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 70 Yb 1.714   0.124     7 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Late Archean Upper Crust 70 Yb 1.72           ppm Condie 1993 Chert 70 Yb 1.76         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Active Continental Rifts 70 Yb 1.8           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Andesites 70 Yb 1.8           ppm Condie 1993 Graywackes 70 Yb 1.8           ppm Condie 1993 North American Shale Composite (NASC) 70 Yb 1.8           ppm Morgan et al. 1978 Wanke & Palme 1974 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 1.8           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Paleozoic Orogens 70 Yb 1.8           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Continental Arc Andesite 70 Yb 1.82         159 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 1.82           ppm Kerr 2004 Hauff et al. 2000 Andes Basalt 70 Yb 1.83         28 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Basalts 70 Yb 1.83         16 ppm Farmer 2004 Jung & Hoernes 2000 Interior North China Craton 70 Yb 1.83           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Interior North China Craton 70 Yb 1.83           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central America Trench 70 Yb 1.84           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Andaman Trench 70 Yb 1.85           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Australian Granite   (Gd/Yb)(N) 1.85         6   Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Turner et al. 1992 Basalts 70 Yb 1.85         8 ppm Farmer 2004 Marzoli et al. 2000 DSDP/ODP Site 801 70 Yb 1.85           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 1.85         1   Farmer 2004 Peate 1997 Zeolite Clay 70 Yb 1.85         3 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Basalts 70 Yb 1.86         7 ppm Farmer 2004 Price et al. 1997 Island Arc Andesite 70 Yb 1.86         171 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Marianas Trench 70 Yb 1.86           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Yangtze Craton 70 Yb 1.86           ppm Gao et al. 1998 DSDP/ODP Site 800 70 Yb 1.87           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Cascade Basalt 70 Yb 1.88         24 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Kamchatka Trench 70 Yb 1.88           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Kermadec Basalts 70 Yb 1.88         10 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Interior North China Craton 70 Yb 1.89           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Kamchatka Basalt 70 Yb 1.89         41 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 1.89           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Andesites 70 Yb 1.9           ppm Condie 1993 Continental Arcs 70 Yb 1.9           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.9           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.9           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.9           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 1.9           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998 Continental Shields & Platforms 70 Yb 1.9           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 DSDP/ODP Site 801 70 Yb 1.9           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 Granulitic Xenolites 70 Yb 1.9 1.46       133 ppm Rudnick & Presper 1990 North American Shale Composite (NASC) 70 Yb 1.9           ppm Morgan et al. 1978 Central East China Craton 70 Yb 1.91           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.91           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.91           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Basalts 70 Yb 1.92         13 ppm Farmer 2004 Robert et al. 1992 Nanno Ooze 70 Yb 1.92         2 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Central East China Craton 70 Yb 1.93           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Granites 70 Yb 1.93         1226 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Greater Antilles Basalt 70 Yb 1.95         16 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Yangtze Craton 70 Yb 1.95           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 1.96           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.96   0.4       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text North Qinling Belt in China 70 Yb 1.97           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Turbidites 70 Yb 1.97         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Turbidites 70 Yb 1.97         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Phosphoria Formation 70 Yb 10         60 ppm Altschuller 1980 Gulbrandsen 1966 Interior North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.01             Gao et al. 1998 Interior North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.02             Gao et al. 1998 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   Y/Yb 10.07             Salters & Stracke 2004 Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.08             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.09             Gao et al. 1998 South Margin of North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.09             Gao et al. 1998 Late Archean Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.1             Condie 1993 Interior North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.12             Gao et al. 1998 Depleted D-MORB basalts   Y/Yb 10.144             Salters & Stracke 2004 Andean Andesites   Ce[n]/Yb[n] 10.3             Weaver & Tarney 1984 Bailey 1981 Mafic Intrusions   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.33         308   Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.42             Gao et al. 1998 South Margin of North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.44             Gao et al. 1998 South Margin of North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.45             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.5             Gao et al. 1998 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.5             Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.6             Condie 1993 Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.8             Gao et al. 1998 Graywackes   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.8             Condie 1993 Graywackes   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.8             Condie 1993 Yangtze Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.94             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.96             Gao et al. 1998 Chassigny Achondrite 70 Yb 100   20       ppb Boynton et al. 1976 Aubres Aubrite 70 Yb 101           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Easton 1985 Wolf et al. 1983 Moore County Eucrite 70 Yb 1040           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000 McCarthy et al. 1973 North Qinling Belt in China   La[n]/Yb[n] 11.19             Gao et al. 1998 North Qinling Belt in China   La[n]/Yb[n] 11.22             Gao et al. 1998 Yangtze Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 11.24             Gao et al. 1998 Pelites   La[n]/Yb[n] 11.28         69   Gao et al. 1998 Graywackes   La[n]/Yb[n] 11.3             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 11.5             Condie 1993 IAB Campo del Cielo 70 Yb 110           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Bild 1977 Veramin Mesosiderite 70 Yb 112           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt in press Powell 1971 Bone Valley Formation 70 Yb 12         8 ppm Altschuller 1980 Early Archean Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 12             Condie 1993 Yangtze Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 12.08             Gao et al. 1998 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 12.2         3   Farmer 2004 Wilson et al. 1997 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 12.2         10   Farmer 2004 Chung et al. 2001 Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 12.36             Gao et al. 1998 Felsic Granulites   La[n]/Yb[n] 12.38         137   Gao et al. 1998 Carbonates   La[n]/Yb[n] 12.42         50   Gao et al. 1998 Diorite   La[n]/Yb[n] 12.47         260   Gao et al. 1998 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 12.6         8   Farmer 2004 Hoang & Flower 1998 Marine Apatites 70 Yb 12.6         13 ppm Altschuller 1980 Metafelsic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 12.89         41   Gao et al. 1998 Y-791491 Lodranite 70 Yb 120           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Weigel et al. 1999 Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 13           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 13         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Sandstones   La[n]/Yb[n] 13.1             Condie 1993 Malvern Howardites 70 Yb 1350           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Palme et al. 1978 Marine Phosphorites 70 Yb 14 10   4 40 11 ppm Altschuller 1980 Hydrothermal Sediment 70 Yb 14.22         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Yangtze Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 14.34             Gao et al. 1998 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 70 Yb 14.43         36 ppm Farmer 2004 Hooper & Hawkesworth 1993 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 14.8         7   Farmer 2004 Zhang & O'Reilly 1997 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 14.8         3   Farmer 2004 Chung et al. 1995 IAB Udei Station 70 Yb 147           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Kallemeyn & Wasson 1985 Interlayered Clay & Chert 70 Yb 15         12 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Pungo River Formation 70 Yb 15         2 ppm Altschuller 1980 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 15.1         6   Farmer 2004 Marzoli et al. 2000 Granites   La[n]/Yb[n] 15.2             Condie 1993 Carbonates   La[n]/Yb[n] 15.99         2038   Gao et al. 1998 Angrite LEW 87051 70 Yb 1520           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt & Lindstrom 1990 CI Chondrites 70 Yb 159   5.724     16 ppb Anders & Ebihara 1982 Evensen et al. 1978 CI Chondrites 70 Yb 159           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Wasson & Kallemeyn 1988 Winonaite Tierra Blanca 70 Yb 159           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Kallemeyn & Wasson 1985 Jarosweich 1990 Petersburg Eucrites 70 Yb 1599           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mason et al. 1979 Buchanan & Reid 1996 Granites   La[n]/Yb[n] 16.11         1226   Gao et al. 1998 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites   La[n]/Yb[n] 16.78         641   Gao et al. 1998 MAC 88177 Lodranite 70 Yb 160           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Weigel et al. 1999 CI Chondrites 70 Yb 161           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 CI Chondrites 70 Yb 162.5   2.6     4 ppb Anders & Grevesse 1989 CI Chondrites 70 Yb 165   8.25       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Palme & Jones 2004 CI Chondrites 70 Yb 165           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Palme 1988 Orgueil Chondrite 70 Yb 166         12 ppb Anders & Grevesse 1989 Orgueil Chondrite 70 Yb 166         12 ppb Anders & Ebihara 1982 Tonga Trench 70 Yb 17.01           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 17.3         10   Farmer 2004 Robert et al. 1992 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 17.7         4   Farmer 2004 Chung 1999 Johnstown Diogenite 70 Yb 170           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Wanke et al. 1977 Orgueil Chondrite 70 Yb 171           ng/g Grossman et al. 1985 Ibitira Eucrite 70 Yb 1710           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Jarosewich 1990 Barrat et al. 2000 Kimberlite   La[n]/Yb[n] 175.6         22   Farmer 2004 Taylor et al. 1994 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites   La[n]/Yb[n] 18.2             Condie 1993 Macibini Eucrites 70 Yb 1840           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 McCarthy et al. 1973 Buchanan et al. 2000b Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 19.3         8   Farmer 2004 Marzoli et al. 2000 Ryuku Trench 70 Yb 19.86           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 IAB Landes 70 Yb 190           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Bild 1977 Sioux County Eucrite 70 Yb 1940           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000 McCarthy et al. 1973 Andesites 70 Yb 2           ppm Condie 1993 Andesites 70 Yb 2           ppm Condie 1993 Andesites 70 Yb 2           ppm Condie 1993 Andesites 70 Yb 2           ppm Condie 1993 Archean Terrains 70 Yb 2           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 2             Condie 1993 Central East China Craton 70 Yb 2           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Continental Crust 70 Yb 2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Continental Crust 70 Yb 2           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Wedepohl 1995 Continental Crust 70 Yb 2           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Continental Crust 70 Yb 2           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Continental Crust 70 Yb 2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Granites 70 Yb 2           ppm Condie 1993 Rifted Continental Margins 70 Yb 2           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 East China Craton 70 Yb 2.01           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.02           ppm Condie 1993 Central East China Craton 70 Yb 2.03           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Interior North China Craton 70 Yb 2.03           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Andesites 70 Yb 2.05         50 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Plank & Langmuir 1988 Central East China Craton 70 Yb 2.05           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Basalts 70 Yb 2.06         5 ppm Farmer 2004 Wilson et al. 1997 Basalts 70 Yb 2.07         6 ppm Farmer 2004 Marzoli et al. 2000 Basalts 70 Yb 2.07         12 ppm Farmer 2004 Dungan et al. 1986 Diorite 70 Yb 2.09         260 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.09           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie & Selverstone 1999 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 70 Yb 2.09         1 ppm Farmer 2004 Peate 1997 Active Continental Rifts 70 Yb 2.1           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Andesites 70 Yb 2.1           ppm Condie 1993 Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.1           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Greywackes 70 Yb 2.1           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Extensions 70 Yb 2.1           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Orogens 70 Yb 2.1           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 South Margin of North China Craton 70 Yb 2.1           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Green Clay 70 Yb 2.11         3 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Alaska Trench 70 Yb 2.12           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Arenaceous Rocks 70 Yb 2.14         2754 ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Margin of North China Craton 70 Yb 2.14           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Sumatra Trench 70 Yb 2.14           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Central East China Craton 70 Yb 2.16           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 70 Yb 2.17           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Middle Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.17           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Granulites 70 Yb 2.18 1.23       212 ppm Rudnick & Presper 1990 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.18           ppm Condie 1993 North Qinling Belt in China 70 Yb 2.19           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Archean Terrains 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Basalts 70 Yb 2.2         6 ppm Farmer 2004 Turner et al. 1996a Basalts 70 Yb 2.2         3 ppm Farmer 2004 Chung et al. 1995 Cascadia Trench 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Clastic Turbidites 70 Yb 2.2         28 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998a Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Graywackes 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Condie 1993 Graywackes 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Condie 1993 Graywackes 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Condie 1993 Island Arcs 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Middle Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Middle Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2   0.09       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Kerr 2004 Aitken & Echeverria 1984 Dupre & Echeverria 1984 Jochum et al. 1991 Paleozoic Orogens 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 South Margin of North China Craton 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.23           ppm Condie 1993 Yangtze Craton 70 Yb 2.24           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Australian Granite 70 Yb 2.25         8 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Whalen 1985 Central East China Craton 70 Yb 2.25           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Fresh MORB in Indian Ocean 70 Yb 2.25           ppm Klein 2004 Klein et al. 1991 Post-Archean Terrrains 70 Yb 2.25           ppm Condie 1991 Central East China Craton 70 Yb 2.26           ppm Gao et al. 1998 East China Craton 70 Yb 2.26           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Margin of North China Craton 70 Yb 2.26           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.26           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Scotia Island Basalt 70 Yb 2.27         16 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Basalts 70 Yb 2.28         3 ppm Farmer 2004 Wilson et al. 1997 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.28           ppm Condie 1993 Central East China Craton 70 Yb 2.29           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.29           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998a Marianas Basalt 70 Yb 2.29         40 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Paleozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.29           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 70 Yb 2.3           ppm Condie 1993 Intermediate Mafic Post-Archean Granulites 70 Yb 2.3 2.2       32 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Orogens 70 Yb 2.3           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Middle Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.3           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Middle Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 N-MORB 70 Yb 2.3           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.3           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 1996 Peru Trench 70 Yb 2.3           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Aleutian Trench 70 Yb 2.31           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.32           ppm Condie 1993 Granites 70 Yb 2.32         402 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.33           ppm Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.33           ppm Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.33           ppm Condie 1993 Yangtze Craton 70 Yb 2.33           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Yangtze Craton 70 Yb 2.34           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.36           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 70 Yb 2.37         7 ppm Farmer 2004 Conticelli et al. 1997 Vanuatu Trench 70 Yb 2.37           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Volcanoclastic Sediment 70 Yb 2.37         15 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 South Qinling Belt in China 70 Yb 2.38           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Mavic Volcanics 70 Yb 2.39         632 ppm Gao et al. 1998 North Antilles Trench 70 Yb 2.39           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 70 Yb 2.39         9 ppm Farmer 2004 Wooden et al. 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.4           ppm Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Extensions 70 Yb 2.4           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.4           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1993 Tonalites 70 Yb 2.4           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Diatome Clay 70 Yb 2.41         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 East Sunda Trench 70 Yb 2.43           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Interlayerd Clay & Chert 70 Yb 2.43         2 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 North Qinling Belt in China 70 Yb 2.43           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Shales 70 Yb 2.43           ppm Condie 1993 Amphibolites 70 Yb 2.46         189 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.47           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 2002 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 70 Yb 2.47         6 ppm Farmer 2004 Lightfoot et al. 1990 Radiolarian Clay 70 Yb 2.47         11 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 2.5             Condie 1993 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 2.5             Condie 1993 Basalts 70 Yb 2.5           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 70 Yb 2.5           ppm Condie 1993 Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.5           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Diatome Ooze 70 Yb 2.51         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 North Qinling Belt in China 70 Yb 2.51           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Margin of North China Craton 70 Yb 2.51           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Qinling Belt in China 70 Yb 2.51           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.53           ppm Kerr 2004 Reynaud et al. 1999 Arenaceous Rocks 70 Yb 2.54         121 ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Qinling Belt in China 70 Yb 2.54           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.57           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Basalts 70 Yb 2.58         16 ppm Farmer 2004 Rogers et al. 1998 South Qinling Belt in China 70 Yb 2.58           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Basalts 70 Yb 2.6           ppm Condie 1993 Congo River Particulates 70 Yb 2.6           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Felsic Volcanics 70 Yb 2.6           ppm Condie 1993 Marine Shales 70 Yb 2.6           ppm Altschuller 1980 Turekian & Wedepohl 1961 Melitite-rich Chondrules 70 Yb 2.6     2.1 3.4 10 ppm Martin & Mason 1974 Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 2.6         56 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 2.6         56 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 N-MORB 70 Yb 2.63           ppm Klein 2004 Niu et al. 1999 Diatome Mud 70 Yb 2.68         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 E-MORB 70 Yb 2.68           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 ODP/DSDP Site 417/418 70 Yb 2.69           ppm Staudigel et al. 1996 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 2.7             Condie 1993 Basalts 70 Yb 2.7           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 70 Yb 2.7           ppm Condie 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.71           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.71           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1993 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts 70 Yb 2.72         62 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Granites   (Gd/Yb)(N) 2.72             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Sylvester 1995 N-MORB 70 Yb 2.72           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 Pelites 70 Yb 2.74         69 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.75           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1997 Hauff et al. 2000 Felsic Volcanics 70 Yb 2.76           ppm Condie 1993 North Qinling Belt in China 70 Yb 2.76           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Antilles Trench 70 Yb 2.76           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Subducted Sediment 70 Yb 2.76   0.88       ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 ODP Site 735 70 Yb 2.77 2.41       22 ppm Hart et al. 1999 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 2.8         3   Farmer 2004 Dungan et al. 1986 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 2.8             Condie 1993 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 2.8             Condie 1993 Basalts 70 Yb 2.8           ppm Condie 1993 Garonne River Particulates 70 Yb 2.8           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Silty Mud 70 Yb 2.8         16 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Japan Trench 70 Yb 2.82           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Kuriles Trench 70 Yb 2.82           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 ODP/DSDP Site 417/418 70 Yb 2.82           ppm Staudigel et al. 1995 Radiolarian Clay 70 Yb 2.82         8 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Radiolarian Clay 70 Yb 2.82         8 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.82           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.83           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 2002 Basalts 70 Yb 2.86         44 ppm Farmer 2004 Baker et al. 1997 Shales 70 Yb 2.86           ppm Condie 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.87           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1995 Felsic Volcanics 70 Yb 2.9           ppm Condie 1993 Felsic Volcanics 70 Yb 2.9           ppm Condie 1993 Izu-Bonin Trench 70 Yb 2.9           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 70 Yb 2.92         1 ppm Farmer 2004 Peate 1997 Shales 70 Yb 2.95           ppm Condie 1993 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 70 Yb 2.951   0.032     42 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Mafic Granulites 70 Yb 2.98         128 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 70 Yb 2.99         1 ppm Farmer 2004 Peate 1997 Manganese Nodules 70 Yb 20           ppm Li 1991 Baturin 1988 Haynes et al. 1986 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites   La[n]/Yb[n] 20.54         553   Gao et al. 1998 Qingzhen Enstatite Chondrite 70 Yb 200           ng/g Grossman et al. 1985 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 21.9         26   Farmer 2004 Jung & Hoernes 2000 Granites   La[n]/Yb[n] 21.95         402   Gao et al. 1998 D'Orbigny Angrite 70 Yb 2130           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt et al. 2002 Brachina Brachinite 70 Yb 220           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Nehru et al. 1983 Continental Crust 70 Yb 2200           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Alborz Mountains 70 Yb 23         3 ppm Altschuller 1980 Aval et al. 1968 Archean Amphibolites   Ce[n]/Yb[n] 23             Weaver & Tarney 1984 Weaver & Tarney 1981 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 23.4         7   Farmer 2004 Rogers et al. 1998 Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 23.75         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Goalpara Ureilite 70 Yb 24   2       ppb Boynton et al. 1976 Nuevo Laredo Eucrite 70 Yb 2410           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Warren & Jerde 1987 Watson IIE Iron 70 Yb 242           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Olsen et al. 1994 Havero Urelite 70 Yb 25           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Wanke et al. 1972 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 25.6         27   Farmer 2004 Farmer et al. 2002 EET 84302 Acapulcoite 70 Yb 250           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Weigel et al. 1999 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 26.1             Farmer 2004 Conticelli et al. 1997 Y-74450 Eucrites 70 Yb 2610           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Wanke et al. 1977 Gibson Lodranite 70 Yb 270           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Weigel et al. 1999 Stannern Eucrite 70 Yb 2810           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000 McCarthy et al. 1973 Granulites   La[n]/Yb[n] 29 17       208   Rudnick & Presper 1990 Miles IIE Iron 70 Yb 290           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Ebihara et al. 1997 Continental Crust 70 Yb 3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor 1964 Marine Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 3           ppm Li 1982 Piper 1974 Pelites 70 Yb 3.06         1341 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 3.08         18   Farmer 2004 Lightfoot et al. 1990 Felsic Post-Archean Granulites 70 Yb 3.1 2.9       12 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Felsic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 3.1             Condie 1993 Felsic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 3.1             Condie 1993 Felsic Volcanics 70 Yb 3.1           ppm Condie 1993 Mafic Archean Granulites 70 Yb 3.1 2.2       37 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Marine Shales 70 Yb 3.1           ppm Li 1991 Turekian & Wedepohl 1961 Haskin & Haskin 1966 North American Shale Composite (NASC) 70 Yb 3.1           ppm Condie 1993 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 70 Yb 3.104   0.134     13 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Ferruginous Clay 70 Yb 3.17         2 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 MORB Basaltic Glass 70 Yb 3.18           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 3.19           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Taylor 1987 Ganges River Particulates 70 Yb 3.2           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Granites 70 Yb 3.2           ppm Condie 1993 Mekong River Particulates 70 Yb 3.2           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Java Trench 70 Yb 3.24           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 3.28         1   Farmer 2004 Peate 1997 Transitional Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts 70 Yb 3.28           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 Oceanic Crust 70 Yb 3.3           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1981 QUE 94201 Meteorite 70 Yb 3.3   0.3       ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites   (Gd/Yb)(N) 3.3         355   Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Martin 1995 Felsic Volcanics 70 Yb 3.31         972 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 3.31         3   Farmer 2004 Wooden et al. 1993 Australian Granite 70 Yb 3.36         6 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Turner et al. 1992 Mafic Post-Archean Granulites 70 Yb 3.4 2.7       34 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 N-MORB 70 Yb 3.42           ppm Klein 2004 Thompson et al. 1980 Granites 70 Yb 3.5           ppm Condie 1993 Parana River Particulates 70 Yb 3.5           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 River Particulates 70 Yb 3.5           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 North Atlantic Ocean Surface Water 70 Yb 3.55             Bruland 1983 Elderfield & Greaves 1983 MORB Basaltic Glass 70 Yb 3.59           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 Marine Shales 70 Yb 3.6         36 ppm Altschuller 1980 Hermann 1970 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 3.66           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 70 Yb 3.68         18 ppm Farmer 2004 Lightfoot et al. 1990 Amazon River Particulates 70 Yb 3.7           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Magdalena River Particulates 70 Yb 3.7           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Mafic Granulites   La[n]/Yb[n] 3.71         128   Gao et al. 1998 Granulites 70 Yb 3.73 2.34       106 ppm Rudnick & Presper 1990 Amphibolites   La[n]/Yb[n] 3.85         189   Gao et al. 1998 Felsic Volcanics 70 Yb 3.9           ppm Condie 1993 Felsic Volcanics 70 Yb 3.9           ppm Condie 1993 N-MORB 70 Yb 3.9           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Hofmann 1988 Ito et al. 1987 Smith et al. 1995 Hauri & Hart 1997 N-MORB 70 Yb 3.9   1.3     26 ppm Hofmann 1988 Jochum et al. 1988 Oceanic Crust 70 Yb 3.9           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Makran Trench 70 Yb 3.93           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Oulad Abdoun Basin 70 Yb 30         4 ppm Altschuller 1980 Shalka Diogenite 70 Yb 30           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 McCarthy et al. 1972 Mittlefehldt 1994 Acapulcoite Primitive Achondrites 70 Yb 300           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Yanai & Kojima 1991 Zipfel et al. 1995 ALHA77081 Acapulcoite 70 Yb 300           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Schultz et al. 1982 Metalliferous Clay 70 Yb 31.28         12 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Carbonaceous Chondrites   Sc/Yb 36.4   1.8         McDonough & Sun 1995 CI Chondrites   Sc/Yb 36.8             McDonough & Sun 1995 Ordinary Chondrites   Sc/Yb 37.7   1.9         McDonough & Sun 1995 Enstatite Chondrites   Sc/Yb 37.9   3.1         McDonough & Sun 1995 Binda Eucrite 70 Yb 387           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000 McCarthy et al. 1973 Brown Rock 70 Yb 4         3 ppm Altschuller 1980 Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Villaseca et al. 1999 MORB Basaltic Glass 70 Yb 4.14           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 Mexico Trench 70 Yb 4.22           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 4.25           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1997 Hauff et al. 2000 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 4.32         6   Farmer 2004 Lightfoot et al. 1990 Ashy Clay 70 Yb 4.35         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 AII Fracture Zone Basalts 70 Yb 4.38           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Johnson & Dick 1992 Continental Crust   Ce[n]/Yb[n] 4.4             Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Metapelitic Granulitic Xenolites 70 Yb 4.43 3.6       37 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 4.51         5   Farmer 2004 Wooden et al. 1993 Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 4.55         8 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Danube River Particulates 70 Yb 4.6           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 MORB Basaltic Glass 70 Yb 4.75           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 North Atlantic Ocean Deep Water 70 Yb 4.79             Bruland 1983 Elderfield & Greaves 1983 Slope Lisbourne Group 70 Yb 40         4 ppm Altschuller 1980 Patton & Matzko 1959 Mincy Mesosiderite 70 Yb 403           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt in press Simpson & Ahrens 1977 Pena Blanca Spring Aubrite 70 Yb 41           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Wolf et al. 1983 Lodders et al. 1993 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 441   44.1       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Silicate Earth 70 Yb 441   44.1       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Novo-Urei Ureilite 70 Yb 45   5       ppb Boynton et al. 1976 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 462   46.2       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 462           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 ALHA 81101 Urelite 70 Yb 47.5           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Warren & Kallemeyn 1992 Spitz & Boynton 1991 Barea Mesosiderite 70 Yb 473           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mason & Jarosewich 1973 Mittlefehldt in press Angrite Angra Dos Reis 70 Yb 4820           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt & Lindstrom 1990 Mishash Formation 70 Yb 5         3 ppm Altschuller 1980 Mazor 1963 Monterey Formation 70 Yb 5         5 ppm Altschuller 1980 Seawater 70 Yb 5     3.5 5.4     Bruland 1983 Andesites   La[n]/Yb[n] 5.2             Condie 1993 Granulitic Xenolites   La[n]/Yb[n] 5.2 4       129   Rudnick & Presper 1990 Radiolarian Clay 70 Yb 5.31         2 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 CI Chondrites   Al/Yb 5.34             McDonough & Sun 1995 North Pacific Ocean Deep Water 70 Yb 5.4             Bruland 1983 Masuda & Ikeuchi 1979 Carbonaceous Chondrites   Al/Yb 5.44   0.35         McDonough & Sun 1995 Ordinary Chondrites   Al/Yb 5.45   0.24         McDonough & Sun 1995 Enstatite Chondrites   Ca/Yb 5.46   0.51         McDonough & Sun 1995 Andesites   La[n]/Yb[n] 5.5             Condie 1993 Enstatite Chondrites   Al/Yb 5.5   0.35         McDonough & Sun 1995 Peninsular Range Batholith   (Gd/Yb)(N) 5.51             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Sylvester 1995 Andesites   La[n]/Yb[n] 5.7             Condie 1993 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 5.7           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 CI Chondrites   Ca/Yb 5.75             McDonough & Sun 1995 Felsic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 5.8             Condie 1993 Carbonaceous Chondrites   Ca/Yb 5.86   0.27         McDonough & Sun 1995 Ordinary Chondrites   Ca/Yb 5.88   0.3         McDonough & Sun 1995 Felsic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 5.9             Condie 1993 Serra De Mage Eucrite 70 Yb 510           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000 McCarthy et al. 1973 Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 54.5           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bambui Group 70 Yb 6         14 ppm Altschuller 1980 Cathcart 1974 Andesites   La[n]/Yb[n] 6.1             Condie 1993 Andesites   La[n]/Yb[n] 6.1             Condie 1993 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 6.1           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Felsic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 6.1             Condie 1993 North American Shale Composite (NASC)   La[n]/Yb[n] 6.1             Condie 1993 Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 6.19         3 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Philip Trench 70 Yb 6.28           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Felsic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 6.3             Condie 1993 Brown Clay 70 Yb 6.63         29 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Brown Clay 70 Yb 6.69         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 6.7             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 6.7             Condie 1993 Felsic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 6.8             Condie 1993 Frankfort Howardites 70 Yb 620           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 McCarthy et al. 1972 Palme et al. 1978 ALHA 77257 Urelite 70 Yb 68.8           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Jarosewich 1990 Warren & Kallemeyn 1992 Spitz & Boynton 1991 La Caja Formation 70 Yb 7         8 ppm Altschuller 1980 Rogers et al. 1956 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 7             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 7             Condie 1993 Spinel Peridotites   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.1 2.7 12     195   McDonough 1990 Andesites   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.3             Condie 1993 Marine Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 7.3           ppm Li 1991 Turekian & Wedepohl 1961 Rankin & Glasby 1979 Sandstones   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.3             Condie 1993 Kerm Trench 70 Yb 7.38           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 North Qinling Belt in China   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.39             Gao et al. 1998 South Qinling Belt in China   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.39             Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust   Ce[n]/Yb[n] 7.4             Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Felsic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.42         972   Gao et al. 1998 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.5         25   Farmer 2004 Baker et al. 1997 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.5             Condie 1993 Andesites   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.6             Condie 1993 Granites   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.6             Condie 1993 South Qinling Belt in China   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.64             Gao et al. 1998 South Qinling Belt in China   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.67             Gao et al. 1998 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.7         7   Farmer 2004 Price et al. 1997 Graywackes   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.7             Condie 1993 Graywackes   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.7             Condie 1993 Graywackes   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.7             Condie 1993 Shales   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.7             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.8             Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.8             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.8             Condie 1993 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.9         1   Farmer 2004 Wilson et al. 1997 Estherville Mesosiderite 70 Yb 730           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt in press Simpson & Ahrens 1977 Miles IIE Iron 70 Yb 730           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Ebihara et al. 1997 EET 83309 Urelite 70 Yb 76           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Warren & Kallemeyn 1989b Shallowater Aubrite 70 Yb 77           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Easton 1985 Keil et al. 1989 Shales   La[n]/Yb[n] 8             Condie 1993 Mavic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.03         632   Gao et al. 1998 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.1             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.1             Condie 1993 Shales   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.1             Condie 1993 Australian Granite 70 Yb 8.2           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Collins et al. 1982 Granites   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.3             Condie 1993 Granulites   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.3 6.1       103   Rudnick & Presper 1990 South Qinling Belt in China   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.45             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.48             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.5             Gao et al. 1998 South Margin of North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.56             Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.7             Condie 1993 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.9             Condie 1993 North Qinling Belt in China   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.95             Gao et al. 1998 Chaunskij Mesosiderite 70 Yb 805           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt in press Petaev et al. 2000 Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 82.8         1   Farmer 2004 Turner et al. 1996a META 78008 Urelite 70 Yb 84           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Warren & Kallemeyn 1992 Kapoeta Howardites 70 Yb 890           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Wanke et al. 1972 Upper Continental Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 9             Condie 1993 North Qinling Belt in China   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.05             Gao et al. 1998 Arenaceous Rocks   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.08         121   Gao et al. 1998 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.2         1   Farmer 2004 Peate 1997 Pelites   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.27         1341   Gao et al. 1998 Granulites   Ce[n]/Yb[n] 9.3             Weaver & Tarney 1984 Weaver & Tarney 1982 Upper Continental Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.3             Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Interior North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.31             Gao et al. 1998 East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.32             Gao et al. 1998 Intermediate Granulites   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.32         136   Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.52             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.6             Gao et al. 1998 Yangtze Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.76             Gao et al. 1998 Arenaceous Rocks   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.82         2754   Gao et al. 1998 Interior North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.83             Gao et al. 1998 South Margin of North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.86             Gao et al. 1998 East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.96             Gao et al. 1998 Winonaite Pontlyfni 70 Yb 90           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Graham et al. 1977 Davis et al. 1977 Orangeite   La[n]/Yb[n] 92.2         114   Farmer 2004 Mitchell 1995 ALH 84025 Brachinite 70 Yb 98           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Warren & Kallemeyn 1989a Garnet Peridotites 70 Yb   0.085         ppm McDonough 1991 Maaloe & Aoki 1975 Jordan 1979 Boyd 1989 McDonough 1990 Island Arc Andesite 70 Yb             ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Marine Apatites 70 Yb       2 24 13 ppm Altschuller 1980 Periodotite Section in Ophiolites 70 Yb   0.354         ppm McDonough 1991 Phosphoria Formation 70 Yb   10         ppm Gulbrandsen 1966 Primitive Mantle 70 Yb   0.481         ppm McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982 Retort Phosphatic Shale Member 70 Yb       0.001 0.003 20 ppm Gulbrandsen 1966 Spinel Peridotites 70 Yb   0.27         ppm McDonough 1991 Maaloe & Aoki 1975 Jordan 1979 Boyd 1989 McDonough 1990