GERM Reservoir Database
Development and Maintenance by the EarthRef.org Database Team

	GERM Database Search Results   Save as ... ================== Excel spreadsheet Tab delimited text file   Sort by ... =========== Reservoir Z Element Value Median SD Low High N Unit Reference =========== Default   Units ... ======= ppm ppb ppt wt% wt%ox ======= Default   Reservoir Z Element Value Median SD Low High N Unit Info Reference Source(s) Active Continental Rifts 90 Th 2.1           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Active Continental Rifts 90 Th 6.3           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Alaska Trench 90 Th 4.38           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Aleutian Basalts 90 Th 1.21         23 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Aleutian Trench 90 Th 5.49           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 ALH 77005 Meteorite 90 Th 57   3       ppb McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 ALH 84001 Meteorite 90 Th 35           ppb McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Allende Meteorite 90 Th 0.07           wt%ox Martin & Mason 1974 Amazon River Particulates 90 Th 13           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Amphibolites 90 Th 1         189 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Andaman Trench 90 Th 7.56           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Andean Andesites 90 Th 6           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Bailey 1981 Andes Basalt 90 Th 3.77         26 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Andesites 90 Th 4           ppm Condie 1993 Andesites 90 Th 4.3           ppm Condie 1993 Andesites 90 Th 3.7           ppm Condie 1993 Andesites 90 Th 3.4           ppm Condie 1993 Andesites 90 Th 3           ppm Condie 1993 Andesites 90 Th 3.7           ppm Condie 1993 Andesites 90 Th 3.5           ppm Condie 1993 Andesites 90 Th 1.99         23 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Andesites 90 Th 2.09         50 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Plank & Langmuir 1988 Angrite Angra Dos Reis 90 Th 640           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt & Lindstrom 1990 Angrite LEW 87051 90 Th 220           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt & Lindstrom 1990 Archean Amphibolites 90 Th 8.4           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Weaver & Tarney 1981 Archean Canadian Shield 90 Th 9.7           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Eade & Fahrig 1971 Archean Canadian Shield 90 Th 2.9           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Archean Lower Crust 90 Th 0.42           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Weaver & Tarney 1984 Archean Terrains 90 Th 5.7           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Archean Terrains 90 Th 2.9           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Archean Terrains 90 Th 6.8           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Shaw et al. 1967 Archean Terrains 90 Th 3           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Arenaceous Rocks 90 Th 10.7         2754 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Arenaceous Rocks 90 Th 11.21         121 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Ashy Clay 90 Th 3.57         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Atlantic Seawater 90 Th       0.092 0.145     Chen et al. 1986 Australian Granite 90 Th 19         704 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Chappell & White 1992 Australian Granite 90 Th 0.83         8 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Whalen 1985 Australian Granite 90 Th 19.7           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Collins et al. 1982 Australian Granite 90 Th 22         6 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Turner et al. 1992 Australian Granite 90 Th 5         13 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Inger & Harris 1993 Australian Granite 90 Th 20         1074 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Wormald & Price 1988 Baldissero Spinel Lherzolites 90 Th 0.007   0.005     14 ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Balmuccia Spinel Lherzolites 90 Th 0.009   0.003     18 ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Basalts 90 Th 2.4           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 90 Th 2.4           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 90 Th 2.4           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 90 Th 58.7         6 ppm Farmer 2004 Turner et al. 1996a Basalts 90 Th 15.3         16 ppm Farmer 2004 Rogers et al. 1998 Basalts 90 Th 0.7         12 ppm Farmer 2004 Dungan et al. 1986 Basalts 90 Th 5.33         4 ppm Farmer 2004 Chung 1999 Basalts 90 Th 2.6           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 90 Th 2.6           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 90 Th 1           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 90 Th 1           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 90 Th 11.7         3 ppm Farmer 2004 Wilson et al. 1997 Basalts 90 Th 20.8         10 ppm Farmer 2004 Chung et al. 2001 Basalts 90 Th 9.2         5 ppm Farmer 2004 Wilson et al. 1997 Basalts 90 Th 29.6         7 ppm Farmer 2004 Conticelli et al. 1997 Basalts 90 Th 5.2         3 ppm Farmer 2004 Chung et al. 1995 Basalts 90 Th 5.8         27 ppm Farmer 2004 Farmer et al. 2002 Basalts 90 Th 9.91         23 ppm Farmer 2004 Paslick et al. 1995 Basalts 90 Th 2.9         7 ppm Farmer 2004 Price et al. 1997 Basalts 90 Th 4.3         9 ppm Farmer 2004 Hoang & Flower 1998 Basalts 90 Th 3.9         44 ppm Farmer 2004 Baker et al. 1997 Basalts 90 Th 19.6         13 ppm Farmer 2004 Robert et al. 1992 Basalts 90 Th 7.23         8 ppm Farmer 2004 Zhang & O'Reilly 1997 Basic Precambrian Granulites 90 Th 2.5         25 ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Binda Eucrite 90 Th 46           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000 McCarthy et al. 1973 Boninites 90 Th 0.42         28 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Brown Clay 90 Th 12.02         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Brown Clay 90 Th 6.19         29 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Carbonate 90 Th 0.29         13 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Carbonate Turbidites 90 Th 5.8         87 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Carbonates 90 Th 1.57         50 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Carbonates 90 Th 1.99         2038 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Cascade Basalt 90 Th 1.33         22 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Cascadia Trench 90 Th 6.63           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Central America Trench 90 Th 0.93           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Central American Basalts 90 Th 1.08         26 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Central East China Craton   Ba/Th 84             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Ba/Th 87             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Ba/Th 76             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Ba/Th 97             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Ba/Th 86             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Ba/Th 86             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Ba/Th 97             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Ba/Th 97             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 90 Th 6.84           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 90 Th 3.11           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 90 Th 8.95           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 90 Th 7.08           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 90 Th 7.76           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 90 Th 5.23           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 90 Th 6.96           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 90 Th 7.26           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 90 Th 4.88           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 90 Th 7.27           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 90 Th 7.71           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Th/U 6.18             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Th/U 6.06             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Th/U 6.6             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Th/U 6.72             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Th/U 6.18             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Th/U 5.76             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Th/U 6.05             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Th/U 6.72             Gao et al. 1998 Chassigny Meteorite 90 Th 57           ppb McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Chert 90 Th 2           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 Chert 90 Th 1.83         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Chert 90 Th 2.01         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 CI Chondrites 90 Th 29.8   2.98       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Palme & Jones 2004 CI Chondrites 90 Th 29.4   1.68     9 ppb Anders & Grevesse 1989 CI Chondrites 90 Th 29           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 CI Chondrites 90 Th 0.041           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 CI Chondrites 90 Th 0.0298   0.00298       ppm Palme & Jones 2004 Palme & Beer 1993 CI Chondrites 90 Th 29           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Wasson & Kallemeyn 1988 CI Chondrites 90 Th 0.0294           ppm Palme & Jones 2004 Anders & Grevesse 1989 CI Chondrites 90 Th 0.07   0.04         Palme & Jones 2004 CI Chondrites 90 Th 29           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Palme 1988 Clastic Turbidites 90 Th 6.63         28 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Colombia Trench 90 Th 0.38           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Congo River Particulates 90 Th 16.2           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Continental Arc Andesite 90 Th 2.03         139 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Continental Arc Andesite 90 Th 4.51         35 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Continental Arcs 90 Th 0.7           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Continental Arcs 90 Th 4.7           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Continental Crust 90 Th 5.7           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Weaver & Tarney 1984 Continental Crust 90 Th 5.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Continental Crust 90 Th 8.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Continental Crust 90 Th 5.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Continental Crust 90 Th 9           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1986 Continental Crust 90 Th 5.6           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Continental Crust 90 Th 3.5           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Continental Crust 90 Th 8.5           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Continental Crust 90 Th 9           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Continental Crust 90 Th 5.7           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Continental Crust 90 Th 8.2           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Continental Crust 90 Th 5.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Continental Crust 90 Th 4.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Continental Crust 90 Th 9.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor 1964 Continental Crust 90 Th 7.1           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998a Continental Crust 90 Th 8.5           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Wedepohl 1995 Continental Crust 90 Th 5.6           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Continental Crust 90 Th 3500           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Continental Crust 90 Th 4.8           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Continental Crust   Th/U 3.9             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.001           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.015           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.62           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.008           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov et al. 1997 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.0001           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.005           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 661           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 97           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.034           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Glaser et al. 1999 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.022           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.016           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.002           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.072           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov et al. 1997 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.031           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.002           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.001           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.0016           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths   Th/Pb 0.046             Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths   Th/Pb 0.012             Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths   Th/Pb 0.572             Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths   Th/Pb 0.001             Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov et al. 1997 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths   Th/Pb 12.169             Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths   Th/Pb 0.122             Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov et al. 1997 Continental Shields & Platforms 90 Th 5.1           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Continental Shields & Platforms 90 Th 1.2           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Core 90 Th 0           µg/g McDonough 1998 Cratonic Xenoliths 90 Th 0.3           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002 Cratonic Xenoliths 90 Th 0.12           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gergoire et al. 2002 Cratonic Xenoliths 90 Th 71.2           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Cratonic Xenoliths 90 Th 0.67           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002 Cratonic Xenoliths 90 Th 1.15           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Cratonic Xenoliths   Th/Pb 3.849             Pearson et al. 2004 Cratonic Xenoliths   Th/Pb 0.156             Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002 Cratonic Xenoliths   Th/Pb 0.08             Pearson et al. 2004 Gergoire et al. 2002 Cratonic Xenoliths   Th/Pb 0.263             Pearson et al. 2004 Cratonic Xenoliths   Th/Pb 0.091             Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002 D'Orbigny Angrite 90 Th 434           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt et al. 2002 Danube River Particulates 90 Th 15.7           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Depleted D-MORB basalts   Ba/Th 87.3             Salters & Stracke 2004 Depleted D-MORB basalts   Th/U 2.9             Salters & Stracke 2004 Depleted Mantle   K 2.7             Rehkamper & Hofmann 1997 Depleted Mantle 90 Th 0.0079     0.0068 0.0089   ppm Workman & Hart 2005 Depleted Mantle 90 Th 0.0187           ppm Rehkamper & Hofmann 1997 Depleted Mantle 90 Th 13.7   4.11       ppb Salters & Stracke 2004 Depleted MORB Mantle   Th/U 2.5             Workman & Hart 2005 Lundstrom et al. 1999 Sims et al. 2002 Sims et al. 2003 Depleted-Depleted MORB Mantle 90 Th 0.004           ppm Workman & Hart 2005 Depleted-Depleted MORB Mantle   Th/U 2.2             Workman & Hart 2005 Lundstrom et al. 1999 Sims et al. 2002 Sims et al. 2003 Diatom Oozes & Clay 90 Th 4.9         15 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Diatome Clay 90 Th 7.47         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Diatome Mud 90 Th 3         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Diatome Ooze 90 Th 4.3         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Diorite 90 Th 12.2         260 ppm Gao et al. 1998 DSDP/ODP Site 800 90 Th 2.66           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 DSDP/ODP Site 801 90 Th 2.58           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 DSDP/ODP Site 801 90 Th 2.6           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 E-MORB 90 Th 1.07           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 Early Archean Upper Crust   Co/Th 2.8             Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   Co/Th 3.4             Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   Cr/Th 30             Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   Cr/Th 38             Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   La/Th 3.8             Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   La/Th 3.8             Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust 90 Th 7.5           ppm Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust 90 Th 7.8           ppm Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.88             Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.93             Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.71             Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.57             Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   Th/U 3.9             Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   Th/U 3.9             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.9             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.5             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 5.7             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 7.4             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 3             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 3.1             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 10.4           ppm Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 9.2           ppm Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.82             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.86             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.72             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.56             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 4             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 3.9             Condie 1993 East China Craton 90 Th 6.8           ppm Gao et al. 1998 East China Craton 90 Th 6.95           ppm Gao et al. 1998 East Sunda Trench 90 Th 7.73           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 EET 84302 Acapulcoite 90 Th 70           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Weigel et al. 1999 Enriched-Depleted MORB Mantle 90 Th 0.0157           ppm Workman & Hart 2005 Enriched-Depleted MORB Mantle   Th/U 3             Workman & Hart 2005 Lundstrom et al. 1999 Sims et al. 2002 Sims et al. 2003 Estherville Mesosiderite 90 Th 67           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt in press Simpson & Ahrens 1977 Felsic Archean Granulites 90 Th 12 5.5       217 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Felsic Granulites 90 Th 2.83         137 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Felsic Post-Archean Granulites 90 Th 12 7.7       53 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Felsic Volcanics 90 Th 2           ppm Condie 1993 Felsic Volcanics 90 Th 7.99         972 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Felsic Volcanics 90 Th 2           ppm Condie 1993 Felsic Volcanics 90 Th 8           ppm Condie 1993 Felsic Volcanics 90 Th 8.2           ppm Condie 1993 Felsic Volcanics 90 Th 9           ppm Condie 1993 Felsic Volcanics 90 Th 8.5           ppm Condie 1993 Felsic Volcanics 90 Th 10.2           ppm Condie 1993 Ferruginous Clay 90 Th 14.77         2 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 1             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Newman et al. 1983 Rubin & Macdougall 1988 Rubin & Macdougall 1990 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 6             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Lundstrom et al. 1998a Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 1             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Bourdon et al. 1996a Bourdon et al. 1996b Bourdon et al. 2000 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 7             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Peate et al. 2001 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 6             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Rubin & Macdougall 1988 Rubin & Macdougall 1990 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 10             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Rubin & Macdougall 1988 Rubin & Macdougall 1990 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 23             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Volpe & Goldstein 1993 Lundstrom et al. 1999 Sims et al. 2002 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 10             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Rubin & Macdougall 1988 Reinitz & Turekian 1989 BenOthman & Allegre 1990 Goldstein et al. 1991 Goldstein et al. 1993 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 4             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Goldstein et al. 1991 Goldstein et al. 1993 Volpe & Goldstein 1993 Cooper et al. 2003 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 5             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Goldstein et al. 1991 Goldstein et al. 1993 Volpe & Goldstein 1993 Lundstrom et al. 1995 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 7             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Peate et al. 2001 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 23             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Bourdon et al. 1996a Bourdon et al. 1996b Bourdon et al. 2000 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 2             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Bourdon et al. 1996b Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 9             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Goldstein et al. 1991 Goldstein et al. 1993 Volpe & Goldstein 1993 Cooper et al. 2003 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 3             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Condomines et al. 1981 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 2             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Bourdon et al. 1996b Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 13             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Goldstein et al. 1991 Goldstein et al. 1993 Volpe & Goldstein 1993 Lundstrom et al. 1995 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 2             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Rubin & Macdougall 1988 Rubin & Macdougall 1990 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 40             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Volpe & Goldstein 1993 Lundstrom et al. 1999 Sims et al. 2002 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 6             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Rubin & Macdougall 1988 Reinitz & Turekian 1989 BenOthman & Allegre 1990 Goldstein et al. 1991 Goldstein et al. 1993 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 6             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Lundstrom et al. 1998a Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 6             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Newman et al. 1983 Rubin & Macdougall 1988 Rubin & Macdougall 1990 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   Ba/Th 86.04             Salters & Stracke 2004 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts 90 Th 0.28         34 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   Th/U 3.26             Salters & Stracke 2004 Ganges River Particulates 90 Th 17.5           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Garonne River Particulates 90 Th 13           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Gibson Lodranite 90 Th 34           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Weigel et al. 1999 Granites 90 Th 18           ppm Condie 1993 Granites 90 Th 15           ppm Condie 1993 Granites 90 Th 18           ppm Condie 1993 Granites 90 Th 20.7         1226 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Granites 90 Th 21.2         402 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Granites 90 Th 3.42         8 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Kemp 2001 Granites 90 Th 21           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Sylvester 1995 Granulites   K/Th 8900 2500       174   Rudnick & Presper 1990 Granulites   K/Th 12300 3600       236   Rudnick & Presper 1990 Granulites 90 Th 0.42           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Weaver & Tarney 1982 Granulites 90 Th 8 3.4       243 ppm Rudnick & Presper 1990 Granulites 90 Th 11.8 5.5       176 ppm Rudnick & Presper 1990 Granulites   Th/U 13.9 7.6       175   Rudnick & Presper 1990 Granulites   Th/U 16.8 9       142   Rudnick & Presper 1990 Granulitic Xenolites   K/Th 45600 12200       80   Rudnick & Presper 1990 Granulitic Xenolites 90 Th 1.59 0.3       86 ppm Rudnick & Presper 1990 Granulitic Xenolites   Th/U 3.19 2.69       55   Rudnick & Presper 1990 Graywackes 90 Th 8.5           ppm Condie 1993 Graywackes 90 Th 8           ppm Condie 1993 Graywackes 90 Th 9           ppm Condie 1993 Graywackes 90 Th 9           ppm Condie 1993 Graywackes 90 Th 8           ppm Condie 1993 Graywackes 90 Th 6           ppm Condie 1993 Greater Antilles Basalt 90 Th 0.75         15 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Green Clay 90 Th 6.77         3 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Greywackes 90 Th 9           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Hydrothermal Sediment 90 Th 3.62         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Ibitira Eucrite 90 Th 248           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Jarosewich 1990 Barrat et al. 2000 Interior North China Craton 90 Th 7.97           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Interior North China Craton 90 Th 2.8           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Interior North China Craton 90 Th 5.7           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Interior North China Craton 90 Th 5.9           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Interior North China Craton 90 Th 6.97           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Interlayerd Clay & Chert 90 Th 1         2 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Interlayered Chert & Limestone 90 Th 1.84         5 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Interlayered Clay & Chert 90 Th 8.29         12 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Intermediate Granulites 90 Th 1.03         136 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Intermediate Mafic Archean Granulites 90 Th 2.3 1       37 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Intermediate Mafic Granulitic Xenolites 90 Th 1.4 0.25       14 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Intermediate Mafic Post-Archean Granulites 90 Th 9.6 2.2       27 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Intermediate Precambrian Granulites 90 Th 5.2         26 ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Island Arc Andesite 90 Th 3.9         16 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Island Arc Andesite 90 Th 1.52         111 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Island Arcs 90 Th 2.5           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Island Arcs 90 Th 7.2         323 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Silver & Chappell 1998 Izu-Bonin Trench 90 Th 2.43           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Japan Trench 90 Th 6.22           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Java Trench 90 Th 9.78           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Kamchatka Basalt 90 Th 0.88         32 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Kamchatka Trench 90 Th 2.23           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Kerm Trench 90 Th 7.78           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Kermadec Basalts 90 Th 1.11         10 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Kimberlite 90 Th 26.3         22 ppm Farmer 2004 Taylor et al. 1994 Komatiites 90 Th 0.3           ppm Condie 1993 Kuriles Trench 90 Th 6.22           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Late Archean Upper Crust   Co/Th 2.8             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   Co/Th 2.4             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   Cr/Th 17             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   Cr/Th 20             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   La/Th 3.6             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   La/Th 3.6             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust 90 Th 7.9           ppm Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust 90 Th 8.1           ppm Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.98             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.93             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.76             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.63             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   Th/U 3.9             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   Th/U 3.8             Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.4             Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.8             Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 5.5             Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 4.4             Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 2.9             Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 3             Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 10.6           ppm Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 9.5           ppm Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.86             Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.82             Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.61             Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.75             Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 4             Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 4             Condie 1993 Lesser Antilles Basalt 90 Th 2.96         38 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 7.7           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 1.2           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 1.06           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 6.6           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 1.95           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 1.2           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 0.54           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Taylor 1987 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 1.64           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie & Selverstone 1999 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 5.74           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Villaseca et al. 1999 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 2.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1994 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 0.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Presper 1990 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 0.42           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Weaver & Tarney 1984 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 0.49           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Liu et al. 2001 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 1.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 6.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 5.23           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998a Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 1.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Lower Continental Crust   Th/U 5.9             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Luzon Basalt 90 Th 5.8         13 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 MAC 88177 Lodranite 90 Th 8           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Weigel et al. 1999 Macibini Eucrites 90 Th 320           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 McCarthy et al. 1973 Buchanan et al. 2000b Mafic Archean Granulites 90 Th 1.8 1       39 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Mafic Granulites 90 Th 1.33         128 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Mafic Granulitic Xenolites 90 Th 0.6 0.3       55 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Mafic Intrusions 90 Th 4.13         308 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Mafic Post-Archean Granulites 90 Th 6.4 1       23 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Magdalena River Particulates 90 Th 12.6           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Makran Trench 90 Th 10.31           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Manganese Nodules 90 Th 30           ppm Li 1991 Baturin 1988 Marianas Basalt 90 Th 0.41         12 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Marianas Trench 90 Th 2.62           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Marine Apatites 90 Th 6.5         14 ppm Altschuller 1980 Marine Organisms 90 Th 0.1           ppm Li 1991 Bowen 1979 Marine Pelagic Clay 90 Th 13.4           ppm Li 1982 Ku 1966 Marine Pelagic Clay 90 Th 13           ppm Li 1991 Turekian & Wedepohl 1961 Ku 1966 Marine Phosphorites   Th/U 0.055             Altschuller 1980 Marine Shales 90 Th 12           ppm Li 1991 Turekian & Wedepohl 1961 Marine Shales   Th/U 3.2             Altschuller 1980 Turekian & Wedepohl 1961 Mars Atmosphere 90 Th 2   1       ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Trombka et al. 1992 Mars Atmosphere 90 Th 1.9   1.3       ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Trombka et al. 1992 Mavic Volcanics 90 Th 3.22         632 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Mekong River Particulates 90 Th 17           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Melitite-rich Chondrules 90 Th 0.45     0.34 0.61 10 ppm Martin & Mason 1974 Mercury Crustal Silicates 90 Th 122           ng/g Taylor & Scott 2004 Morgan & Anders 1980 Mercury Crustal Silicates 90 Th 293           ng/g Taylor & Scott 2004 Mercury Crustal Silicates 90 Th       60 120   ng/g Taylor & Scott 2004 Mercury Crustal Silicates 90 Th 308           ng/g Taylor & Scott 2004 Fegley & Cameron 1987 Mercury Crustal Silicates 90 Th 1220           ng/g Taylor & Scott 2004 Mercury Crustal Silicates 90 Th 207           ng/g Taylor & Scott 2004 Mercury Crustal Silicates 90 Th 93           ng/g Taylor & Scott 2004 Mercury Crustal Silicates 90 Th 930           ng/g Taylor & Scott 2004 Mercury Crustal Silicates   Th/U 3.6             Taylor & Scott 2004 Mercury Crustal Silicates   Th/U 3.6             Taylor & Scott 2004 Mercury Crustal Silicates   Th/U 3.6             Taylor & Scott 2004 Mercury Crustal Silicates   Th/U 3.6             Taylor & Scott 2004 Mercury Crustal Silicates   Th/U 1500             Taylor & Scott 2004 Fegley & Cameron 1987 Mercury Crustal Silicates   Th/U 3.6             Taylor & Scott 2004 Mercury Crustal Silicates   Th/U 3.6             Taylor & Scott 2004 Mercury Crustal Silicates   Th/U 3.6             Taylor & Scott 2004 Morgan & Anders 1980 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Extensions 90 Th 8.3           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Extensions 90 Th 3           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Orogens 90 Th 7.1           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Orogens 90 Th 3           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.7             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.4             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 5.7             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 4.3             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 2.7             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 2.9             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 8.9           ppm Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 10.1           ppm Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.83             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.78             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.57             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.71             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 3.7             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 3.7             Condie 1993 Metafelsic Volcanics 90 Th 7.6         41 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Metalliferous Clay 90 Th 14.88         12 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Metapelitic Granulitic Xenolites 90 Th 7.53 4       41 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Mexico Trench 90 Th 8.64           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Middle Continental Crust 90 Th 6.1           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Middle Continental Crust 90 Th 6.5   0.5       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Middle Continental Crust 90 Th 6.84           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Middle Continental Crust 90 Th 6.1           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Middle Continental Crust 90 Th 6.4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1994 Middle Continental Crust 90 Th 8.4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Weaver & Tarney 1984 Middle Continental Crust 90 Th 6.5           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Middle Continental Crust   Th/U 3.9             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.8             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.5             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 6.7             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 5.3             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 2.9             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 3             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 9.3           ppm Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 10.4           ppm Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.85             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.87             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.74             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.59             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 3.8             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 3.9             Condie 1993 Moore County Eucrite 90 Th 125           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000 McCarthy et al. 1973 N-MORB 90 Th 0.1871           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Hofmann 1988 Ito et al. 1987 Smith et al. 1995 Hauri & Hart 1997 N-MORB 90 Th 0.18           ppm Klein 2004 Thompson et al. 1980 N-MORB 90 Th 0.141           ppm Klein 2004 Niu et al. 1999 N-MORB 90 Th 0.1871   0.1297     26 ppm Hofmann 1988 Jochum et al. 1988 N-MORB 90 Th 0.09           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 N-MORB   Th/U 2.632             Hart et al. 1999 Hofmann 1988 Ito et al. 1987 Smith et al. 1995 Hauri & Hart 1997 Nakhla Meteorite 90 Th 198   13       ppb McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Nankai Trench 90 Th 14.2           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Nanno Ooze 90 Th 0.22         2 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Nano Ooze 90 Th 1.97         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 New Hebrides Islands 90 Th 1.19         20 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 North American Shale Composite (NASC)   Cr/Th 10.2             Condie 1993 North American Shale Composite (NASC) 90 Th 12.3           ppm Condie 1993 North American Shale Composite (NASC)   Th/Sc 0.82             Condie 1993 North Antilles Trench 90 Th 12.08           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 North Pacific Ocean Deep Water 90 Th       0.03 0.14     Chen et al. 1986 Nozaki & Horibe 1983 North Qinling Belt in China 90 Th 13.03           ppm Gao et al. 1998 North Qinling Belt in China 90 Th 8.88           ppm Gao et al. 1998 North Qinling Belt in China 90 Th 6.2           ppm Gao et al. 1998 North Qinling Belt in China 90 Th 4.63           ppm Gao et al. 1998 North Qinling Belt in China 90 Th 14.7           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Nuevo Laredo Eucrite 90 Th 430           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Warren & Jerde 1987 Oceanic Crust 90 Th 0.19           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Oceanic Crust 90 Th         0.75   ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1981 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 1.8           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 9.59           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.62           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1997 Hauff et al. 2000 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.3           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1997 Hauff et al. 2000 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 14.3           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1996 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.1           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1996 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.56           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 6.71           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.2           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 8.2           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1996 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 11.61           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 2002 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 9.57           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1997 Hauff et al. 2000 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.34           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.27           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 1996 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.28           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 2002 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 13.2           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.16           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 2002 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 11.64           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 2002 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 11.38           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 2002 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 8.31           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 9.87           ppm Kerr 2004 Hauff et al. 2000 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 10.1           ppm Kerr 2004 Aitken & Echeverria 1984 Dupre & Echeverria 1984 Jochum et al. 1991 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.9           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1996 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.02           ppm Kerr 2004 Aitken & Echeverria 1984 Dupre & Echeverria 1984 Jochum et al. 1991 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 12           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 12.39           ppm Kerr 2004 Aitken & Echeverria 1984 Dupre & Echeverria 1984 Jochum et al. 1991 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 9.01           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 10.81           ppm Kerr 2004 Reynaud et al. 1999 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.26           ppm Kerr 2004 Hauff et al. 2000 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 1.4           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 9.17           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1995 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.08           ppm Kerr 2004 Aitken & Echeverria 1984 Dupre & Echeverria 1984 Jochum et al. 1991 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.25           ppm Kerr 2004 Reynaud et al. 1999 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 2.27           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1995 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 12.13           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 8.42           ppm Kerr 2004 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 1.2           ppm Kerr 2004 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 10.94           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1997 Hauff et al. 2000 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 12.5           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 1996 Oceans Surface water 90 Th         0.1     Chen et al. 1986 Kaufman 1969 Oceans Surface water 90 Th         0.7   ng/kg Quinby-Hunt & Turekian 1983 Turekian & Chan 1971 ODP Site 735   232Th/238U 1.9             Hart et al. 1999 ODP Site 735 90 Th 155.2 61       22 ppb Hart et al. 1999 ODP Site 735   Th/U 3.39 2.33       22   Hart et al. 1999 ODP/DSDP Site 417/418 90 Th 0.07           ppm Staudigel et al. 1996 ODP/DSDP Site 417/418 90 Th 0.088           ppm Staudigel et al. 1995 Olivine Chondrules 90 Th 0.12     0.06 0.17 3 ppm Martin & Mason 1974 Orangeite 90 Th 27.5         114 ppm Farmer 2004 Mitchell 1995 Orgueil Chondrite 90 Th 28.6         1 ppb Anders & Ebihara 1982 Orgueil Chondrite 90 Th 28.6         1 ppb Anders & Grevesse 1989 Orinoco River Particulates 90 Th 15.8           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Pacific Ocean 90 Th       0.3 0.4     Chen et al. 1986 Moore 1981 Paleozoic Orogens 90 Th 2.1           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Paleozoic Orogens 90 Th 5.8           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.8             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.4             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 5.8             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 4.5             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 2.9             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 2.7             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 10.1           ppm Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 8.9           ppm Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.77             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.82             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.57             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.71             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 3.8             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 3.8             Condie 1993 Parana River Particulates 90 Th 15.7           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Pelagic Clay 90 Th 17.5         3 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Pelagic Clay 90 Th 14.2         55 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Pelagic Clay 90 Th 9.6           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 Pelagic Clay 90 Th 9.1         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Pelagic Clay 90 Th 11.45         8 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Pelagic Clay 90 Th 7.97         56 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Pelagic Clay 90 Th 9.61         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Pelagic Clay 90 Th 7.97         56 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Pelites 90 Th 14.6         69 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Pelites 90 Th 13.95         1341 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Peninsular Range Batholith 90 Th 22           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Sylvester 1995 Peru Trench 90 Th 2.89           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Petersburg Eucrites 90 Th 263           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mason et al. 1979 Buchanan & Reid 1996 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 90 Th 2.92         9 ppm Farmer 2004 Wooden et al. 1993 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 90 Th 4.25         1 ppm Farmer 2004 Peate 1997 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 90 Th 2.04         1 ppm Farmer 2004 Peate 1997 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 90 Th 1.75         1 ppm Farmer 2004 Peate 1997 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 90 Th 1.07         7 ppm Farmer 2004 Wooden et al. 1993 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 90 Th 2.3         18 ppm Farmer 2004 Lightfoot et al. 1990 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 90 Th 3.71         36 ppm Farmer 2004 Hooper & Hawkesworth 1993 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 90 Th 2.1         6 ppm Farmer 2004 Lightfoot et al. 1990 Philip Trench 90 Th 3.94           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Post-Archean Terrrains 90 Th 13.6           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Eade & Fahrig 1971 Precambrian Canadian Shield 90 Th 10.3           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Precambrian Granulites 90 Th 7.7         88 ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Primitive Mantle   Ba/Th 74             Gao et al. 1998 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 90 Th 0.0813           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 90 Th 0.18           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Primitive Mantle 90 Th 79.5   11.9       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Primitive Mantle 90 Th 83.4           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 90 Th 0.0813           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Primitive Mantle 90 Th 83.4   12.51       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle   Th/U 4             Gao et al. 1998 Hofmann 1988 Protolith Gabbros at ODP Site 735 90 Th 30         8 ppb Hart et al. 1999 QUE 94201 Meteorite 90 Th 50           ppb McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Radiolarian Clay 90 Th 7.3         2 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Radiolarian Clay 90 Th 12.25         11 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Radiolarian Clay 90 Th 11         8 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Radiolarian Clay 90 Th 11         8 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Radiolarites 90 Th 3.22         17 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Radiolarites 90 Th 1.87         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Radiolarites 90 Th 1.9           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 REE Fractionated CAI Inclusions 90 Th 0.46     0.14 0.72 5 ppm Martin & Mason 1974 REE Unfractionated CAI Inclusions 90 Th 0.71     0.7 0.72 2 ppm Martin & Mason 1974 Rifted Continental Margins 90 Th 0.7           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Rifted Continental Margins 90 Th 6.3           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 River Particulates 90 Th 14           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Rivers 90 Th         0.1   ppb Li 1982 Ryuku Trench 90 Th 11.58           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Sandstones 90 Th 3.9           ppm Condie 1993 Sandstones 90 Th 4.2           ppm Condie 1993 Sandstones 90 Th 4           ppm Condie 1993 Scotia Island Basalt 90 Th 0.89         12 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Seawater 90 Th         0.7   ng/kg Quinby-Hunt & Turekian 1983 Turekian & Chan 1971 Seawater 90 Th 0.05             Li 1991 Whitfield & Turner 1987 Cochran et al. 1987 Huh et al. 1989 Seawater 90 Th 6e-05           ppb Li 1982 Anderson 1981 Moore 1981 Seawater 90 Th         3e-06     Broeker & Peng 1982 Serra De Mage Eucrite 90 Th 24           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000 McCarthy et al. 1973 Shales   Cr/Th 7.7             Condie 1993 Shales   Cr/Th 59.6             Condie 1993 Shales   Cr/Th 8             Condie 1993 Shales 90 Th 14.3           ppm Condie 1993 Shales 90 Th 13.5           ppm Condie 1993 Shales 90 Th 8.5           ppm Condie 1993 Shergotty Meteorite 90 Th 380   75       ppb McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Silicate Earth 90 Th 79.5   11.9       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Silicate Earth 90 Th 0.08           ppm McDonough 2004 Silicate Earth 90 Th 0.064           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Silicate Earth 90 Th 0.0813           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Hofmann 1988 Silicate Earth 90 Th 0.084           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Sun 1982 Sun & McDonough 1989 McDonough & Frey 1989 Silicate Earth 90 Th 0.08           µg/g McDonough 1998 Silicate Earth   Th/U 3.9             Workman & Hart 2005 Lundstrom et al. 1999 Sims et al. 2002 Sims et al. 2003 Silicic Precambrian Granulites 90 Th 11         23 ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Silicified Limestone 90 Th 0.4           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Silty Mud 90 Th 10.09         16 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Sioux County Eucrite 90 Th 287           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000 McCarthy et al. 1973 Solar Photosphere 90 Th 0.12   0.06         Anders & Grevesse 1989 Solar System 90 Th 0.0335   0.00191     9   Anders & Grevesse 1989 Solar System 90 Th 0.045             Anders & Ebihara 1982 Cameron 1982 Solar System 90 Th 0.0335   0.0019095     9   Anders & Ebihara 1982 Solid Earth   232Th/238U 2.4             Hart et al. 1999 Allegre et al. 1988 Solid Earth   232Th/238U 2.25             Hart et al. 1999 White 1993 Solid Earth   232Th/238U 4.2             Hart et al. 1999 Allegre et al. 1988 Solid Earth 90 Th 0.055           µg/g McDonough 1998 Solid Earth 90 Th 0.055           ppm McDonough 2004 South Antilles Trench 90 Th 14.94           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 South Margin of North China Craton 90 Th 8.12           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Margin of North China Craton 90 Th 9.35           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Margin of North China Craton 90 Th 8.01           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Margin of North China Craton 90 Th 7.75           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Margin of North China Craton 90 Th 8.83           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Pacific Surface Seawater 90 Th 0.17             Chen et al. 1986 Knauss et al. 1978 South Qinling Belt in China 90 Th 7.54           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Qinling Belt in China 90 Th 7.81           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Qinling Belt in China 90 Th 6.2           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Qinling Belt in China 90 Th 7.24           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Sandwich Trench 90 Th 4.86           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Spinel Peridotites 90 Th 0.71 0.22 1.2     71 ppm McDonough 1990 Stannern Eucrite 90 Th 680           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000 McCarthy et al. 1973 Subducted Sediment 90 Th 6.91   0.8       ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Sumatra Trench 90 Th 10.28           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 1   0.2     7 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 1.268   0.023     42 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 0.152   0.043     6 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 0.071   0.004     31 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 1.6   0     86 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 2   0.1     13 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 1.716   0.101     13 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 1.2   0.2     6 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 0.097   0.037     7 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 0.024   0.002     16 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 1.3   0     31 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 1.2   0.1     17 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Tonalites 90 Th 6.4           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 90 Th 6.9         355 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Martin 1995 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 90 Th 8           ppm Condie 1993 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 90 Th 10           ppm Condie 1993 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 90 Th 10           ppm Condie 1993 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 90 Th 5.02         553 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 90 Th 9.3         641 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Tonga Trench 90 Th 9.89           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Tongan Basalts 90 Th 0.78         8 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Transitional Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts 90 Th 0.45           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 Turbidites 90 Th 3.48         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Turbidites 90 Th 10.36         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Ultrabasic Precambrian Granulites 90 Th 16         14 ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Upper Continental Crust   Co/Th 2.1             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Co/Th 2             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Cr/Th 12             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Cr/Th 12             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   La/Th 3.3             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   La/Th 3.2             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 8.6           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.7           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.3           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Eade and Fahrig 1973 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.5   1       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.7           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 8.95           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 8.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.5           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 9.1           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.5           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.5           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.5           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 0.0723           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust   Th/Nb 0.88             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Th/Nb 0.88             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Th/Sc 0.68             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Th/Sc 0.65             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Th/U 0.225             Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Upper Continental Crust   Th/U 3.9             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Th/U 4.2             Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust   Th/U 3.8             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Th/U 3.8             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Vanuatu Trench 90 Th 1.44           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Venus Surface 90 Th 1.5   1.2       ppm Fegley, Jr. 2004 Surkov et al. 1987 Venus Surface 90 Th 6.5   2.2       wt% Fegley, Jr. 2004 Surkov et al. 1987 Venus Surface 90 Th 2   1         Fegley, Jr. 2004 Surkov et al. 1987 Venus Surface 90 Th 3.65   0.42       ppm Fegley, Jr. 2004 Surkov et al. 1987 Venus Surface 90 Th 0.7   0.34       ppm Fegley, Jr. 2004 Surkov et al. 1987 Volcanoclastic Sediment 90 Th 1.11         15 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Volcanoclastic Turbidites 90 Th 2.38         13 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Volcanoclastic Turbidites 90 Th 2.9         43 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Volcanoclastic Turbidites 90 Th 2.4           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 Y-791491 Lodranite 90 Th 41           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Weigel et al. 1999 Yangtze Craton 90 Th 9.31           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Yangtze Craton 90 Th 8.69           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Yangtze Craton 90 Th 7.44           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Yangtze Craton 90 Th 7.75           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Yangtze Craton 90 Th 9.23           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Zeolite Clay 90 Th 10.35         3 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998