GERM Reservoir Database
Development and Maintenance by the EarthRef.org Database Team

	GERM Database Search Results   Save as ... ================== Excel spreadsheet Tab delimited text file   Sort by ... =========== Reservoir Z Element Value Median SD Low High N Unit Reference =========== Default   Units ... ======= ppm ppb ppt wt% wt%ox ======= Default   Reservoir Z Element Value Median SD Low High N Unit Info Reference Source(s) Seawater 90 Th 6e-05           ppb Li 1982 Anderson 1981 Moore 1981 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.0001           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.001           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.001           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths   Th/Pb 0.001             Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov et al. 1997 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.0016           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.002           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.002           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Depleted-Depleted MORB Mantle 90 Th 0.004           ppm Workman & Hart 2005 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.005           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998 Baldissero Spinel Lherzolites 90 Th 0.007   0.005     14 ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Depleted Mantle 90 Th 0.0079     0.0068 0.0089   ppm Workman & Hart 2005 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.008           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov et al. 1997 Balmuccia Spinel Lherzolites 90 Th 0.009   0.003     18 ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths   Th/Pb 0.012             Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.015           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Enriched-Depleted MORB Mantle 90 Th 0.0157           ppm Workman & Hart 2005 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.016           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Depleted Mantle 90 Th 0.0187           ppm Rehkamper & Hofmann 1997 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.02           ppm Kerr 2004 Aitken & Echeverria 1984 Dupre & Echeverria 1984 Jochum et al. 1991 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.022           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 0.024   0.002     16 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 CI Chondrites 90 Th 0.0294           ppm Palme & Jones 2004 Anders & Grevesse 1989 CI Chondrites 90 Th 0.0298   0.00298       ppm Palme & Jones 2004 Palme & Beer 1993 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.031           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998 Solar System 90 Th 0.0335   0.00191     9   Anders & Grevesse 1989 Solar System 90 Th 0.0335   0.0019095     9   Anders & Ebihara 1982 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.034           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Glaser et al. 1999 CI Chondrites 90 Th 0.041           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Solar System 90 Th 0.045             Anders & Ebihara 1982 Cameron 1982 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths   Th/Pb 0.046             Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Seawater 90 Th 0.05             Li 1991 Whitfield & Turner 1987 Cochran et al. 1987 Huh et al. 1989 Marine Phosphorites   Th/U 0.055             Altschuller 1980 Solid Earth 90 Th 0.055           µg/g McDonough 1998 Solid Earth 90 Th 0.055           ppm McDonough 2004 Silicate Earth 90 Th 0.064           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Allende Meteorite 90 Th 0.07           wt%ox Martin & Mason 1974 CI Chondrites 90 Th 0.07   0.04         Palme & Jones 2004 ODP/DSDP Site 417/418 90 Th 0.07           ppm Staudigel et al. 1996 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 0.071   0.004     31 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.072           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov et al. 1997 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 0.0723           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Cratonic Xenoliths   Th/Pb 0.08             Pearson et al. 2004 Gergoire et al. 2002 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.08           ppm Kerr 2004 Aitken & Echeverria 1984 Dupre & Echeverria 1984 Jochum et al. 1991 Silicate Earth 90 Th 0.08           µg/g McDonough 1998 Silicate Earth 90 Th 0.08           ppm McDonough 2004 Primitive Mantle 90 Th 0.0813           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986 Primitive Mantle 90 Th 0.0813           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Silicate Earth 90 Th 0.0813           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Hofmann 1988 Silicate Earth 90 Th 0.084           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Sun 1982 Sun & McDonough 1989 McDonough & Frey 1989 ODP/DSDP Site 417/418 90 Th 0.088           ppm Staudigel et al. 1995 N-MORB 90 Th 0.09           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 Cratonic Xenoliths   Th/Pb 0.091             Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 0.097   0.037     7 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Marine Organisms 90 Th 0.1           ppm Li 1991 Bowen 1979 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.1           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1996 Cratonic Xenoliths 90 Th 0.12           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gergoire et al. 2002 Olivine Chondrules 90 Th 0.12     0.06 0.17 3 ppm Martin & Mason 1974 Solar Photosphere 90 Th 0.12   0.06         Anders & Grevesse 1989 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths   Th/Pb 0.122             Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov et al. 1997 N-MORB 90 Th 0.141           ppm Klein 2004 Niu et al. 1999 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 0.152   0.043     6 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Cratonic Xenoliths   Th/Pb 0.156             Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.16           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 2002 South Pacific Surface Seawater 90 Th 0.17             Chen et al. 1986 Knauss et al. 1978 N-MORB 90 Th 0.18           ppm Klein 2004 Thompson et al. 1980 Primitive Mantle 90 Th 0.18           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 N-MORB 90 Th 0.1871   0.1297     26 ppm Hofmann 1988 Jochum et al. 1988 N-MORB 90 Th 0.1871           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Hofmann 1988 Ito et al. 1987 Smith et al. 1995 Hauri & Hart 1997 Oceanic Crust 90 Th 0.19           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.2           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Nanno Ooze 90 Th 0.22         2 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Upper Continental Crust   Th/U 0.225             Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995 Smith et al. 1995 Hart & Staudigel 1989 Staudigel et al. 1989 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.25           ppm Kerr 2004 Reynaud et al. 1999 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.26           ppm Kerr 2004 Hauff et al. 2000 Cratonic Xenoliths   Th/Pb 0.263             Pearson et al. 2004 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.27           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 1996 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts 90 Th 0.28         34 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.28           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 2002 Carbonate 90 Th 0.29         13 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Cratonic Xenoliths 90 Th 0.3           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002 Komatiites 90 Th 0.3           ppm Condie 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.3           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1997 Hauff et al. 2000 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.34           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1993 Colombia Trench 90 Th 0.38           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Silicified Limestone 90 Th 0.4           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Marianas Basalt 90 Th 0.41         12 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Archean Lower Crust 90 Th 0.42           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Weaver & Tarney 1984 Boninites 90 Th 0.42         28 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Granulites 90 Th 0.42           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Weaver & Tarney 1982 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 0.42           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Weaver & Tarney 1984 Melitite-rich Chondrules 90 Th 0.45     0.34 0.61 10 ppm Martin & Mason 1974 Transitional Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts 90 Th 0.45           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 REE Fractionated CAI Inclusions 90 Th 0.46     0.14 0.72 5 ppm Martin & Mason 1974 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 0.49           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Liu et al. 2001 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 0.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Presper 1990 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 0.54           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Taylor 1987 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.56             Condie 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.56           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.57             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.57             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.57             Condie 1993 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths   Th/Pb 0.572             Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.59             Condie 1993 Mafic Granulitic Xenolites 90 Th 0.6 0.3       55 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.61             Condie 1993 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 0.62           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.62           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1997 Hauff et al. 2000 Late Archean Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.63             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Th/Sc 0.65             Condie 1993 Cratonic Xenoliths 90 Th 0.67           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002 Upper Continental Crust   Th/Sc 0.68             Condie 1993 Basalts 90 Th 0.7         12 ppm Farmer 2004 Dungan et al. 1986 Continental Arcs 90 Th 0.7           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Rifted Continental Margins 90 Th 0.7           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Venus Surface 90 Th 0.7   0.34       ppm Fegley, Jr. 2004 Surkov et al. 1987 Early Archean Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.71             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.71             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.71             Condie 1993 REE Unfractionated CAI Inclusions 90 Th 0.71     0.7 0.72 2 ppm Martin & Mason 1974 Spinel Peridotites 90 Th 0.71 0.22 1.2     71 ppm McDonough 1990 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.72             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.74             Condie 1993 Greater Antilles Basalt 90 Th 0.75         15 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.75             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   Th/Sc 0.76             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.77             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.78             Condie 1993 Tongan Basalts 90 Th 0.78         8 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.82             Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.82             Condie 1993 North American Shale Composite (NASC)   Th/Sc 0.82             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.82             Condie 1993 Australian Granite 90 Th 0.83         8 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Whalen 1985 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.83             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.85             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.86             Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.86             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.87             Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.88             Condie 1993 Kamchatka Basalt 90 Th 0.88         32 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Upper Continental Crust   Th/Nb 0.88             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Th/Nb 0.88             Condie 1993 Scotia Island Basalt 90 Th 0.89         12 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 0.9           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1996 Central America Trench 90 Th 0.93           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Early Archean Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.93             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.93             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   Th/Nb 0.98             Condie 1993 Core 90 Th 0           µg/g McDonough 1998 Amphibolites 90 Th 1         189 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Basalts 90 Th 1           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 90 Th 1           ppm Condie 1993 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 1             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Bourdon et al. 1996a Bourdon et al. 1996b Bourdon et al. 2000 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 1             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Newman et al. 1983 Rubin & Macdougall 1988 Rubin & Macdougall 1990 Interlayerd Clay & Chert 90 Th 1         2 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 1   0.2     7 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Intermediate Granulites 90 Th 1.03         136 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 1.06           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 E-MORB 90 Th 1.07           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 90 Th 1.07         7 ppm Farmer 2004 Wooden et al. 1993 Central American Basalts 90 Th 1.08         26 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Kermadec Basalts 90 Th 1.11         10 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Volcanoclastic Sediment 90 Th 1.11         15 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Cratonic Xenoliths 90 Th 1.15           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 New Hebrides Islands 90 Th 1.19         20 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Continental Shields & Platforms 90 Th 1.2           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 1.2           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 1.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 1.2           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 1.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 1.2           ppm Kerr 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 1.2   0.1     17 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 1.2   0.2     6 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Aleutian Basalts 90 Th 1.21         23 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 1.268   0.023     42 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 1.3   0     31 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Cascade Basalt 90 Th 1.33         22 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Mafic Granulites 90 Th 1.33         128 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Intermediate Mafic Granulitic Xenolites 90 Th 1.4 0.25       14 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.4             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.4             Condie 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 1.4           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.4             Condie 1993 Vanuatu Trench 90 Th 1.44           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.5             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.5             Condie 1993 Venus Surface 90 Th 1.5   1.2       ppm Fegley, Jr. 2004 Surkov et al. 1987 Island Arc Andesite 90 Th 1.52         111 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Carbonates 90 Th 1.57         50 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Granulitic Xenolites 90 Th 1.59 0.3       86 ppm Rudnick & Presper 1990 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 1.6   0     86 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 1.64           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie & Selverstone 1999 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.7             Condie 1993 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 1.716   0.101     13 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 90 Th 1.75         1 ppm Farmer 2004 Peate 1997 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.8             Condie 1993 Mafic Archean Granulites 90 Th 1.8 1       39 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.8             Condie 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 1.8           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.8             Condie 1993 Chert 90 Th 1.83         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Interlayered Chert & Limestone 90 Th 1.84         5 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Radiolarites 90 Th 1.87         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Co/Th 1.9             Condie 1993 Mars Atmosphere 90 Th 1.9   1.3       ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Trombka et al. 1992 ODP Site 735   232Th/238U 1.9             Hart et al. 1999 Radiolarites 90 Th 1.9           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 1.95           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Nano Ooze 90 Th 1.97         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Andesites 90 Th 1.99         23 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Carbonates 90 Th 1.99         2038 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 10             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Rubin & Macdougall 1988 Rubin & Macdougall 1990 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 10             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Rubin & Macdougall 1988 Reinitz & Turekian 1989 BenOthman & Allegre 1990 Goldstein et al. 1991 Goldstein et al. 1993 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 90 Th 10           ppm Condie 1993 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 90 Th 10           ppm Condie 1993 Silty Mud 90 Th 10.09         16 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 10.1           ppm Condie 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 10.1           ppm Kerr 2004 Aitken & Echeverria 1984 Dupre & Echeverria 1984 Jochum et al. 1991 Paleozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 10.1           ppm Condie 1993 Felsic Volcanics 90 Th 10.2           ppm Condie 1993 North American Shale Composite (NASC)   Cr/Th 10.2             Condie 1993 Sumatra Trench 90 Th 10.28           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Precambrian Canadian Shield 90 Th 10.3           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.3           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967 Shaw et al. 1976 Makran Trench 90 Th 10.31           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Zeolite Clay 90 Th 10.35         3 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Turbidites 90 Th 10.36         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 10.4           ppm Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 10.4           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.5           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.5           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.5   1       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.5           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.5           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 10.6           ppm Condie 1993 Arenaceous Rocks 90 Th 10.7         2754 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.7           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.7           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 10.8           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Eade and Fahrig 1973 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 10.81           ppm Kerr 2004 Reynaud et al. 1999 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 10.94           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1997 Hauff et al. 2000 Radiolarian Clay 90 Th 11         8 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Radiolarian Clay 90 Th 11         8 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Silicic Precambrian Granulites 90 Th 11         23 ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Arenaceous Rocks 90 Th 11.21         121 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 11.38           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 2002 Pelagic Clay 90 Th 11.45         8 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Ryuku Trench 90 Th 11.58           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 11.61           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 2002 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 11.64           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 2002 Basalts 90 Th 11.7         3 ppm Farmer 2004 Wilson et al. 1997 Granulites 90 Th 11.8 5.5       176 ppm Rudnick & Presper 1990 Felsic Archean Granulites 90 Th 12 5.5       217 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Felsic Post-Archean Granulites 90 Th 12 7.7       53 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Marine Shales 90 Th 12           ppm Li 1991 Turekian & Wedepohl 1961 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 12           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Cr/Th 12             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Cr/Th 12             Condie 1993 Brown Clay 90 Th 12.02         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 North Antilles Trench 90 Th 12.08           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 12.13           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1993 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths   Th/Pb 12.169             Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996 Diorite 90 Th 12.2         260 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Radiolarian Clay 90 Th 12.25         11 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 North American Shale Composite (NASC) 90 Th 12.3           ppm Condie 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 12.39           ppm Kerr 2004 Aitken & Echeverria 1984 Dupre & Echeverria 1984 Jochum et al. 1991 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 12.5           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 1996 Magdalena River Particulates 90 Th 12.6           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Mercury Crustal Silicates 90 Th 122           ng/g Taylor & Scott 2004 Morgan & Anders 1980 Mercury Crustal Silicates 90 Th 1220           ng/g Taylor & Scott 2004 Granulites   K/Th 12300 3600       236   Rudnick & Presper 1990 Moore County Eucrite 90 Th 125           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000 McCarthy et al. 1973 Amazon River Particulates 90 Th 13           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 13             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Goldstein et al. 1991 Goldstein et al. 1993 Volpe & Goldstein 1993 Lundstrom et al. 1995 Garonne River Particulates 90 Th 13           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Marine Pelagic Clay 90 Th 13           ppm Li 1991 Turekian & Wedepohl 1961 Ku 1966 North Qinling Belt in China 90 Th 13.03           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 13.2           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Marine Pelagic Clay 90 Th 13.4           ppm Li 1982 Ku 1966 Shales 90 Th 13.5           ppm Condie 1993 Post-Archean Terrrains 90 Th 13.6           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Eade & Fahrig 1971 Depleted Mantle 90 Th 13.7   4.11       ppb Salters & Stracke 2004 Granulites   Th/U 13.9 7.6       175   Rudnick & Presper 1990 Pelites 90 Th 13.95         1341 ppm Gao et al. 1998 River Particulates 90 Th 14           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Nankai Trench 90 Th 14.2           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Pelagic Clay 90 Th 14.2         55 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 14.3           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1996 Shales 90 Th 14.3           ppm Condie 1993 Pelites 90 Th 14.6         69 ppm Gao et al. 1998 North Qinling Belt in China 90 Th 14.7           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Ferruginous Clay 90 Th 14.77         2 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Metalliferous Clay 90 Th 14.88         12 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 South Antilles Trench 90 Th 14.94           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Granites 90 Th 15           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 90 Th 15.3         16 ppm Farmer 2004 Rogers et al. 1998 Danube River Particulates 90 Th 15.7           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Parana River Particulates 90 Th 15.7           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Orinoco River Particulates 90 Th 15.8           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Mercury Crustal Silicates   Th/U 1500             Taylor & Scott 2004 Fegley & Cameron 1987 ODP Site 735 90 Th 155.2 61       22 ppb Hart et al. 1999 Ultrabasic Precambrian Granulites 90 Th 16         14 ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Congo River Particulates 90 Th 16.2           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Granulites   Th/U 16.8 9       142   Rudnick & Presper 1990 Late Archean Upper Crust   Cr/Th 17             Condie 1993 Mekong River Particulates 90 Th 17           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Ganges River Particulates 90 Th 17.5           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979 Pelagic Clay 90 Th 17.5         3 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Granites 90 Th 18           ppm Condie 1993 Granites 90 Th 18           ppm Condie 1993 Australian Granite 90 Th 19         704 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Chappell & White 1992 Basalts 90 Th 19.6         13 ppm Farmer 2004 Robert et al. 1992 Australian Granite 90 Th 19.7           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Collins et al. 1982 Nakhla Meteorite 90 Th 198   13       ppb McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Chert 90 Th 2           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 Felsic Volcanics 90 Th 2           ppm Condie 1993 Felsic Volcanics 90 Th 2           ppm Condie 1993 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 2             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Bourdon et al. 1996b Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 2             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Rubin & Macdougall 1988 Rubin & Macdougall 1990 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 2             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Bourdon et al. 1996b Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Mars Atmosphere 90 Th 2   1       ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Trombka et al. 1992 Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 90 Th 2   0.1     13 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Upper Continental Crust   Co/Th 2             Condie 1993 Venus Surface 90 Th 2   1         Fegley, Jr. 2004 Surkov et al. 1987 Chert 90 Th 2.01         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Continental Arc Andesite 90 Th 2.03         139 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 90 Th 2.04         1 ppm Farmer 2004 Peate 1997 Andesites 90 Th 2.09         50 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Plank & Langmuir 1988 Active Continental Rifts 90 Th 2.1           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Paleozoic Orogens 90 Th 2.1           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 90 Th 2.1         6 ppm Farmer 2004 Lightfoot et al. 1990 Upper Continental Crust   Co/Th 2.1             Condie 1993 Depleted-Depleted MORB Mantle   Th/U 2.2             Workman & Hart 2005 Lundstrom et al. 1999 Sims et al. 2002 Sims et al. 2003 Kamchatka Trench 90 Th 2.23           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Solid Earth   232Th/238U 2.25             Hart et al. 1999 White 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 2.27           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1995 Intermediate Mafic Archean Granulites 90 Th 2.3 1       37 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 90 Th 2.3         18 ppm Farmer 2004 Lightfoot et al. 1990 Volcanoclastic Turbidites 90 Th 2.38         13 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Basalts 90 Th 2.4           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 90 Th 2.4           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 90 Th 2.4           ppm Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   Co/Th 2.4             Condie 1993 Solid Earth   232Th/238U 2.4             Hart et al. 1999 Allegre et al. 1988 Volcanoclastic Turbidites 90 Th 2.4           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 Izu-Bonin Trench 90 Th 2.43           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Basic Precambrian Granulites 90 Th 2.5         25 ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Depleted MORB Mantle   Th/U 2.5             Workman & Hart 2005 Lundstrom et al. 1999 Sims et al. 2002 Sims et al. 2003 Island Arcs 90 Th 2.5           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 DSDP/ODP Site 801 90 Th 2.58           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Basalts 90 Th 2.6           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 90 Th 2.6           ppm Condie 1993 DSDP/ODP Site 801 90 Th 2.6           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 2.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1994 Marianas Trench 90 Th 2.62           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 N-MORB   Th/U 2.632             Hart et al. 1999 Hofmann 1988 Ito et al. 1987 Smith et al. 1995 Hauri & Hart 1997 DSDP/ODP Site 800 90 Th 2.66           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Depleted Mantle   K 2.7             Rehkamper & Hofmann 1997 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 2.7             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 2.7             Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   Co/Th 2.8             Condie 1993 Interior North China Craton 90 Th 2.8           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Late Archean Upper Crust   Co/Th 2.8             Condie 1993 Felsic Granulites 90 Th 2.83         137 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Peru Trench 90 Th 2.89           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Archean Canadian Shield 90 Th 2.9           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Archean Terrains 90 Th 2.9           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Basalts 90 Th 2.9         7 ppm Farmer 2004 Price et al. 1997 Depleted D-MORB basalts   Th/U 2.9             Salters & Stracke 2004 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 2.9             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 2.9             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 2.9             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 2.9             Condie 1993 Volcanoclastic Turbidites 90 Th 2.9         43 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 90 Th 2.92         9 ppm Farmer 2004 Wooden et al. 1993 Lesser Antilles Basalt 90 Th 2.96         38 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Australian Granite 90 Th 20         1074 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Wormald & Price 1988 Late Archean Upper Crust   Cr/Th 20             Condie 1993 Granites 90 Th 20.7         1226 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Basalts 90 Th 20.8         10 ppm Farmer 2004 Chung et al. 2001 Mercury Crustal Silicates 90 Th 207           ng/g Taylor & Scott 2004 Granites 90 Th 21           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Sylvester 1995 Granites 90 Th 21.2         402 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Australian Granite 90 Th 22         6 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Turner et al. 1992 Peninsular Range Batholith 90 Th 22           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Sylvester 1995 Angrite LEW 87051 90 Th 220           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt & Lindstrom 1990 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 23             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Volpe & Goldstein 1993 Lundstrom et al. 1999 Sims et al. 2002 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 23             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Bourdon et al. 1996a Bourdon et al. 1996b Bourdon et al. 2000 Serra De Mage Eucrite 90 Th 24           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000 McCarthy et al. 1973 Ibitira Eucrite 90 Th 248           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Jarosewich 1990 Barrat et al. 2000 Kimberlite 90 Th 26.3         22 ppm Farmer 2004 Taylor et al. 1994 Petersburg Eucrites 90 Th 263           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mason et al. 1979 Buchanan & Reid 1996 Orangeite 90 Th 27.5         114 ppm Farmer 2004 Mitchell 1995 Orgueil Chondrite 90 Th 28.6         1 ppb Anders & Grevesse 1989 Orgueil Chondrite 90 Th 28.6         1 ppb Anders & Ebihara 1982 Sioux County Eucrite 90 Th 287           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000 McCarthy et al. 1973 CI Chondrites 90 Th 29           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Palme 1988 CI Chondrites 90 Th 29           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Wasson & Kallemeyn 1988 CI Chondrites 90 Th 29           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 CI Chondrites 90 Th 29.4   1.68     9 ppb Anders & Grevesse 1989 Basalts 90 Th 29.6         7 ppm Farmer 2004 Conticelli et al. 1997 CI Chondrites 90 Th 29.8   2.98       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Palme & Jones 2004 Mercury Crustal Silicates 90 Th 293           ng/g Taylor & Scott 2004 Andesites 90 Th 3           ppm Condie 1993 Archean Terrains 90 Th 3           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Diatome Mud 90 Th 3         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 3             Condie 1993 Enriched-Depleted MORB Mantle   Th/U 3             Workman & Hart 2005 Lundstrom et al. 1999 Sims et al. 2002 Sims et al. 2003 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 3             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Condomines et al. 1981 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 3             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Extensions 90 Th 3           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Orogens 90 Th 3           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 3             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   La/Th 3.1             Condie 1993 Central East China Craton 90 Th 3.11           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Granulitic Xenolites   Th/U 3.19 2.69       55   Rudnick & Presper 1990 Marine Shales   Th/U 3.2             Altschuller 1980 Turekian & Wedepohl 1961 Upper Continental Crust   La/Th 3.2             Condie 1993 Mavic Volcanics 90 Th 3.22         632 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Radiolarites 90 Th 3.22         17 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   Th/U 3.26             Salters & Stracke 2004 Upper Continental Crust   La/Th 3.3             Condie 1993 ODP Site 735   Th/U 3.39 2.33       22   Hart et al. 1999 Andesites 90 Th 3.4           ppm Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   Co/Th 3.4             Condie 1993 Granites 90 Th 3.42         8 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Kemp 2001 Turbidites 90 Th 3.48         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Andesites 90 Th 3.5           ppm Condie 1993 Continental Crust 90 Th 3.5           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Ashy Clay 90 Th 3.57         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Late Archean Upper Crust   La/Th 3.6             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   La/Th 3.6             Condie 1993 Mercury Crustal Silicates   Th/U 3.6             Taylor & Scott 2004 Mercury Crustal Silicates   Th/U 3.6             Taylor & Scott 2004 Mercury Crustal Silicates   Th/U 3.6             Taylor & Scott 2004 Morgan & Anders 1980 Mercury Crustal Silicates   Th/U 3.6             Taylor & Scott 2004 Mercury Crustal Silicates   Th/U 3.6             Taylor & Scott 2004 Mercury Crustal Silicates   Th/U 3.6             Taylor & Scott 2004 Mercury Crustal Silicates   Th/U 3.6             Taylor & Scott 2004 Hydrothermal Sediment 90 Th 3.62         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Venus Surface 90 Th 3.65   0.42       ppm Fegley, Jr. 2004 Surkov et al. 1987 Andesites 90 Th 3.7           ppm Condie 1993 Andesites 90 Th 3.7           ppm Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 3.7             Condie 1993 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 3.7             Condie 1993 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 90 Th 3.71         36 ppm Farmer 2004 Hooper & Hawkesworth 1993 Andes Basalt 90 Th 3.77         26 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Early Archean Upper Crust   La/Th 3.8             Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   La/Th 3.8             Condie 1993 Late Archean Upper Crust   Th/U 3.8             Condie 1993 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 3.8             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 3.8             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 3.8             Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust   Th/U 3.8             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Upper Continental Crust   Th/U 3.8             Condie 1993 Cratonic Xenoliths   Th/Pb 3.849             Pearson et al. 2004 Basalts 90 Th 3.9         44 ppm Farmer 2004 Baker et al. 1997 Continental Crust   Th/U 3.9             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Early Archean Upper Crust   Th/U 3.9             Condie 1993 Early Archean Upper Crust   Th/U 3.9             Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 3.9             Condie 1993 Island Arc Andesite 90 Th 3.9         16 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Late Archean Upper Crust   Th/U 3.9             Condie 1993 Middle Continental Crust   Th/U 3.9             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 3.9             Condie 1993 Sandstones 90 Th 3.9           ppm Condie 1993 Silicate Earth   Th/U 3.9             Workman & Hart 2005 Lundstrom et al. 1999 Sims et al. 2002 Sims et al. 2003 Upper Continental Crust   Th/U 3.9             Condie 1993 Philip Trench 90 Th 3.94           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Early Archean Upper Crust   Cr/Th 30             Condie 1993 Manganese Nodules 90 Th 30           ppm Li 1991 Baturin 1988 Protolith Gabbros at ODP Site 735 90 Th 30         8 ppb Hart et al. 1999 Mercury Crustal Silicates 90 Th 308           ng/g Taylor & Scott 2004 Fegley & Cameron 1987 Macibini Eucrites 90 Th 320           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 McCarthy et al. 1973 Buchanan et al. 2000b Gibson Lodranite 90 Th 34           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Weigel et al. 1999 ALH 84001 Meteorite 90 Th 35           ppb McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Continental Crust 90 Th 3500           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Early Archean Upper Crust   Cr/Th 38             Condie 1993 Shergotty Meteorite 90 Th 380   75       ppb McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Andesites 90 Th 4           ppm Condie 1993 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 4             Condie 1993 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 4             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Goldstein et al. 1991 Goldstein et al. 1993 Volpe & Goldstein 1993 Cooper et al. 2003 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 4             Condie 1993 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Th/U 4             Condie 1993 Primitive Mantle   Th/U 4             Gao et al. 1998 Hofmann 1988 Sandstones 90 Th 4           ppm Condie 1993 Mafic Intrusions 90 Th 4.13         308 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Continental Crust 90 Th 4.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985 Taylor & McLennan 1995 Sandstones 90 Th 4.2           ppm Condie 1993 Solid Earth   232Th/238U 4.2             Hart et al. 1999 Allegre et al. 1988 Upper Continental Crust   Th/U 4.2             Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981 Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 90 Th 4.25         1 ppm Farmer 2004 Peate 1997 Andesites 90 Th 4.3           ppm Condie 1993 Basalts 90 Th 4.3         9 ppm Farmer 2004 Hoang & Flower 1998 Diatome Ooze 90 Th 4.3         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 4.3             Condie 1993 Alaska Trench 90 Th 4.38           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 4.4             Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 4.5             Condie 1993 Continental Arc Andesite 90 Th 4.51         35 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 North Qinling Belt in China 90 Th 4.63           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Continental Arcs 90 Th 4.7           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Continental Crust 90 Th 4.8           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981 South Sandwich Trench 90 Th 4.86           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Central East China Craton 90 Th 4.88           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Diatom Oozes & Clay 90 Th 4.9         15 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 40             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Volpe & Goldstein 1993 Lundstrom et al. 1999 Sims et al. 2002 Y-791491 Lodranite 90 Th 41           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Weigel et al. 1999 Nuevo Laredo Eucrite 90 Th 430           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Warren & Jerde 1987 D'Orbigny Angrite 90 Th 434           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt et al. 2002 Granulitic Xenolites   K/Th 45600 12200       80   Rudnick & Presper 1990 Binda Eucrite 90 Th 46           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000 McCarthy et al. 1973 Australian Granite 90 Th 5         13 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Inger & Harris 1993 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 5             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Goldstein et al. 1991 Goldstein et al. 1993 Volpe & Goldstein 1993 Lundstrom et al. 1995 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 90 Th 5.02         553 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Continental Shields & Platforms 90 Th 5.1           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Basalts 90 Th 5.2         3 ppm Farmer 2004 Chung et al. 1995 Intermediate Precambrian Granulites 90 Th 5.2         26 ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Central East China Craton 90 Th 5.23           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 5.23           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998a Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 5.3             Condie 1993 Basalts 90 Th 5.33         4 ppm Farmer 2004 Chung 1999 Aleutian Trench 90 Th 5.49           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 5.5             Condie 1993 Continental Crust 90 Th 5.6           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Continental Crust 90 Th 5.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Continental Crust 90 Th 5.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Continental Crust 90 Th 5.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Continental Crust 90 Th 5.6           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Archean Terrains 90 Th 5.7           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995 Continental Crust 90 Th 5.7           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Continental Crust 90 Th 5.7           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Weaver & Tarney 1984 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 5.7             Condie 1993 Interior North China Craton 90 Th 5.7           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 5.7             Condie 1993 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 5.74           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Villaseca et al. 1999 Central East China Craton   Th/U 5.76             Gao et al. 1998 Basalts 90 Th 5.8         27 ppm Farmer 2004 Farmer et al. 2002 Carbonate Turbidites 90 Th 5.8         87 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Luzon Basalt 90 Th 5.8         13 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004 Paleozoic Orogens 90 Th 5.8           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Paleozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 5.8             Condie 1993 Interior North China Craton 90 Th 5.9           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Lower Continental Crust   Th/U 5.9             Rudnick & Fountain 1995 QUE 94201 Meteorite 90 Th 50           ppb McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 ALH 77005 Meteorite 90 Th 57   3       ppb McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Chassigny Meteorite 90 Th 57           ppb McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998 Basalts 90 Th 58.7         6 ppm Farmer 2004 Turner et al. 1996a Shales   Cr/Th 59.6             Condie 1993 Andean Andesites 90 Th 6           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Bailey 1981 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 6             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Rubin & Macdougall 1988 Rubin & Macdougall 1990 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 6             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Lundstrom et al. 1998a Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 6             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Rubin & Macdougall 1988 Reinitz & Turekian 1989 BenOthman & Allegre 1990 Goldstein et al. 1991 Goldstein et al. 1993 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 6             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Newman et al. 1983 Rubin & Macdougall 1988 Rubin & Macdougall 1990 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 6             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Lundstrom et al. 1998a Graywackes 90 Th 6           ppm Condie 1993 Central East China Craton   Th/U 6.05             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Th/U 6.06             Gao et al. 1998 Middle Continental Crust 90 Th 6.1           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Middle Continental Crust 90 Th 6.1           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Central East China Craton   Th/U 6.18             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Th/U 6.18             Gao et al. 1998 Brown Clay 90 Th 6.19         29 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 North Qinling Belt in China 90 Th 6.2           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Qinling Belt in China 90 Th 6.2           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Japan Trench 90 Th 6.22           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Kuriles Trench 90 Th 6.22           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Active Continental Rifts 90 Th 6.3           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Rifted Continental Margins 90 Th 6.3           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Mafic Post-Archean Granulites 90 Th 6.4 1       23 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Middle Continental Crust 90 Th 6.4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1994 Tonalites 90 Th 6.4           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Marine Apatites 90 Th 6.5         14 ppm Altschuller 1980 Middle Continental Crust 90 Th 6.5   0.5       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Middle Continental Crust 90 Th 6.5           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004 Venus Surface 90 Th 6.5   2.2       wt% Fegley, Jr. 2004 Surkov et al. 1987 Central East China Craton   Th/U 6.6             Gao et al. 1998 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 6.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 6.6           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Cascadia Trench 90 Th 6.63           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Clastic Turbidites 90 Th 6.63         28 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 6.7             Condie 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 6.71           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Central East China Craton   Th/U 6.72             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Th/U 6.72             Gao et al. 1998 Green Clay 90 Th 6.77         3 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Archean Terrains 90 Th 6.8           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Shaw et al. 1967 East China Craton 90 Th 6.8           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 90 Th 6.84           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Middle Continental Crust 90 Th 6.84           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 90 Th 6.9         355 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Martin 1995 Subducted Sediment 90 Th 6.91   0.8       ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 East China Craton 90 Th 6.95           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 90 Th 6.96           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Interior North China Craton 90 Th 6.97           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Angrite Angra Dos Reis 90 Th 640           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt & Lindstrom 1990 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 661           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Estherville Mesosiderite 90 Th 67           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt in press Simpson & Ahrens 1977 Stannern Eucrite 90 Th 680           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000 McCarthy et al. 1973 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   226Ra/230Th 7             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Peate et al. 2001 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 7             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Peate et al. 2001 Central East China Craton 90 Th 7.08           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Continental Crust 90 Th 7.1           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998a Mesozoic & Cenozoic Orogens 90 Th 7.1           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Island Arcs 90 Th 7.2         323 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Silver & Chappell 1998 Basalts 90 Th 7.23         8 ppm Farmer 2004 Zhang & O'Reilly 1997 South Qinling Belt in China 90 Th 7.24           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 90 Th 7.26           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 90 Th 7.27           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Radiolarian Clay 90 Th 7.3         2 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   Cr/Th 7.4             Condie 1993 Yangtze Craton 90 Th 7.44           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Diatome Clay 90 Th 7.47         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Early Archean Upper Crust 90 Th 7.5           ppm Condie 1993 Metapelitic Granulitic Xenolites 90 Th 7.53 4       41 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 South Qinling Belt in China 90 Th 7.54           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Andaman Trench 90 Th 7.56           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Metafelsic Volcanics 90 Th 7.6         41 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Lower Continental Crust 90 Th 7.7           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Precambrian Granulites 90 Th 7.7         88 ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Shales   Cr/Th 7.7             Condie 1993 Central East China Craton 90 Th 7.71           ppm Gao et al. 1998 East Sunda Trench 90 Th 7.73           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 South Margin of North China Craton 90 Th 7.75           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Yangtze Craton 90 Th 7.75           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton 90 Th 7.76           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Kerm Trench 90 Th 7.78           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Early Archean Upper Crust 90 Th 7.8           ppm Condie 1993 South Qinling Belt in China 90 Th 7.81           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Late Archean Upper Crust 90 Th 7.9           ppm Condie 1993 Interior North China Craton 90 Th 7.97           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Pelagic Clay 90 Th 7.97         56 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Pelagic Clay 90 Th 7.97         56 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Felsic Volcanics 90 Th 7.99         972 ppm Gao et al. 1998 EET 84302 Acapulcoite 90 Th 70           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Weigel et al. 1999 Cratonic Xenoliths 90 Th 71.2           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Primitive Mantle   Ba/Th 74             Gao et al. 1998 Hofmann 1988 Central East China Craton   Ba/Th 76             Gao et al. 1998 Primitive Mantle 90 Th 79.5   11.9       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Silicate Earth 90 Th 79.5   11.9       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Felsic Volcanics 90 Th 8           ppm Condie 1993 Granulites 90 Th 8 3.4       243 ppm Rudnick & Presper 1990 Graywackes 90 Th 8           ppm Condie 1993 Graywackes 90 Th 8           ppm Condie 1993 MAC 88177 Lodranite 90 Th 8           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Weigel et al. 1999 Shales   Cr/Th 8             Condie 1993 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 90 Th 8           ppm Condie 1993 South Margin of North China Craton 90 Th 8.01           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Late Archean Upper Crust 90 Th 8.1           ppm Condie 1993 South Margin of North China Craton 90 Th 8.12           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Continental Crust 90 Th 8.2           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991 Felsic Volcanics 90 Th 8.2           ppm Condie 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 8.2           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1996 Interlayered Clay & Chert 90 Th 8.29         12 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Extensions 90 Th 8.3           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 8.31           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Archean Amphibolites 90 Th 8.4           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Weaver & Tarney 1981 Middle Continental Crust 90 Th 8.4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Weaver & Tarney 1984 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 8.42           ppm Kerr 2004 Continental Crust 90 Th 8.5           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Wedepohl 1995 Continental Crust 90 Th 8.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995 Continental Crust 90 Th 8.5           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Felsic Volcanics 90 Th 8.5           ppm Condie 1993 Graywackes 90 Th 8.5           ppm Condie 1993 Shales 90 Th 8.5           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 8.6           ppm Condie 1993 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 8.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993 Mexico Trench 90 Th 8.64           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Yangtze Craton 90 Th 8.69           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Margin of North China Craton 90 Th 8.83           ppm Gao et al. 1998 North Qinling Belt in China 90 Th 8.88           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 8.9           ppm Condie 1993 Paleozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 8.9           ppm Condie 1993 Central East China Craton 90 Th 8.95           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 8.95           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998 Primitive Mantle 90 Th 83.4   12.51       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Primitive Mantle 90 Th 83.4           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Central East China Craton   Ba/Th 84             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Ba/Th 86             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Ba/Th 86             Gao et al. 1998 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   Ba/Th 86.04             Salters & Stracke 2004 Central East China Craton   Ba/Th 87             Gao et al. 1998 Depleted D-MORB basalts   Ba/Th 87.3             Salters & Stracke 2004 Granulites   K/Th 8900 2500       174   Rudnick & Presper 1990 Continental Crust 90 Th 9           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1986 Continental Crust 90 Th 9           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Felsic Volcanics 90 Th 9           ppm Condie 1993 Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   230Th/238U 9             Elliott & Spiegelman 2004 Goldstein et al. 1991 Goldstein et al. 1993 Volpe & Goldstein 1993 Cooper et al. 2003 Graywackes 90 Th 9           ppm Condie 1993 Graywackes 90 Th 9           ppm Condie 1993 Greywackes 90 Th 9           ppm Wedepohl 1995 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 9.01           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Pelagic Clay 90 Th 9.1         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Upper Continental Crust 90 Th 9.1           ppm Condie 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 9.17           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1995 Basalts 90 Th 9.2         5 ppm Farmer 2004 Wilson et al. 1997 Early Proterozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 9.2           ppm Condie 1993 Yangtze Craton 90 Th 9.23           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 9.3           ppm Condie 1993 Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 90 Th 9.3         641 ppm Gao et al. 1998 Yangtze Craton 90 Th 9.31           ppm Gao et al. 1998 South Margin of North China Craton 90 Th 9.35           ppm Gao et al. 1998 Late Proterozoic Upper Crust 90 Th 9.5           ppm Condie 1993 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 9.57           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1997 Hauff et al. 2000 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 9.59           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992 Continental Crust 90 Th 9.6           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor 1964 Intermediate Mafic Post-Archean Granulites 90 Th 9.6 2.2       27 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Pelagic Clay 90 Th 9.6           ppm Elliot et al. 1997 Pelagic Clay 90 Th 9.61         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Archean Canadian Shield 90 Th 9.7           ppm Shaw et al. 1986 Eade & Fahrig 1971 Java Trench 90 Th 9.78           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Oceanic Plateaus 90 Th 9.87           ppm Kerr 2004 Hauff et al. 2000 Tonga Trench 90 Th 9.89           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Basalts 90 Th 9.91         23 ppm Farmer 2004 Paslick et al. 1995 Mercury Crustal Silicates 90 Th 93           ng/g Taylor & Scott 2004 Mercury Crustal Silicates 90 Th 930           ng/g Taylor & Scott 2004 Central East China Craton   Ba/Th 97             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Ba/Th 97             Gao et al. 1998 Central East China Craton   Ba/Th 97             Gao et al. 1998 Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 90 Th 97           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999 Atlantic Seawater 90 Th       0.092 0.145     Chen et al. 1986 Mercury Crustal Silicates 90 Th       60 120   ng/g Taylor & Scott 2004 North Pacific Ocean Deep Water 90 Th       0.03 0.14     Chen et al. 1986 Nozaki & Horibe 1983 Oceanic Crust 90 Th         0.75   ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1981 Oceans Surface water 90 Th         0.7   ng/kg Quinby-Hunt & Turekian 1983 Turekian & Chan 1971 Oceans Surface water 90 Th         0.1     Chen et al. 1986 Kaufman 1969 Pacific Ocean 90 Th       0.3 0.4     Chen et al. 1986 Moore 1981 Rivers 90 Th         0.1   ppb Li 1982 Seawater 90 Th         3e-06     Broeker & Peng 1982 Seawater 90 Th         0.7   ng/kg Quinby-Hunt & Turekian 1983 Turekian & Chan 1971