2  Function by Function

In this chapter all Functions are explained One-By-One. First the General Functions are explained, which are common to every menu (or view) in the ArArCALC program, followed by the functions that are specific to the Raw Data Reduction and Age Calculation views. Some help topics may have been treated in the Using ArArCALC chapter as well, but in this chapter the functions are explained in more detail.

2.1  General Functions

The File, Options and Help menus contain functions that are common to every view in ArArCALC. These functions are amongst the most used in ArArCALC and range from opening files to printing to exiting to setting preferences and to getting help. However, depending whether you are in the Raw Data Reduction or Age Calculation view, there may be important differences in functionality, which will be explained in this section as well.

2.1.1  Open Datafile

There are three options when selecting the File # Open Datafile # Raw Intensity Data menu item. The first option allows you to open a text file containing your Raw Mass Spectrometry Data ready for data regression. The second option allows you to open an already prepared Age Calculation File, whereas the last option allows you to generate an Empty Age Calculation File (or template file) in which you can enter intensity and blank data manually. This latter option, in particular, is helpful if you want to (re)apply age calculations to old data from your laboratory or from the literature.

Raw Intensity Data

To open a raw intensities data file you should select the File # Open Datafile # Raw Intensity Data (Ctrl+D) menu item. This will give you the following Open DataFile dialogbox. Now browse, select and Open your data file. You can only select one file at a time.

When you have opened your data file, three dialogboxes will be shown to you in sequence. In the first dialogbox, you have to select an Input Filter. In this dialogbox select the input filter that is applicable for the data file you are trying to open. Like in this example, multiple input filters may sometimes be available for different sample types or, if over time, you needed to adjust your input filter(s) because the structure of your data files changed (see also: Setting the Preferences).

In the second dialogbox, you have to set the Sample Type and give an Experiment Name. You always have to make a selection in this dialogbox, but you can always change your settings later, when your data file has been opened successfully in the Raw Data Reduction view (see also: Sample Type and Experiment Name). When filling in the Experiment Name make sure to use unique names (see also: File Name Conventions). In the example below, the Experiment Name is based on the name of the first analysis in an incremental heating experiment. If you are processing data for a single incremental heating experiment, a set of single crystal analyses from one sample or a set of irradiation monitors from the same position in an irradiation package, leave the Experiment Name unchanged so that all your data can be collected and saved in one-and-the-same age calculation file.

In the final dialogbox, you have to set all Sample Parameters that are necessary to perform the age calculations (see also: Sample Parameters). The shown fields are always pre-filled with data from the previous calculation, even if these were performed a few days or weeks ago. Completing this dialogbox will be fast, because most entries will be similar and thus don't need changing. Most likely, only the GMT datum and Temperature need editing, unless you start to reduce a totally new experiment. If your raw data files already have header lines containing this information, ArArCALC will automatically transfer this header information into this dialogbox by using your Input Filter (see also: Setting the Preferences). You can always recall this dialogbox at a later stage in the Raw Data Reduction view via the Options # Sample Parameters menu in order to edit the sample parameters.

When you have entered all the Sample Parameters, you will be guided to the Raw Data Reduction view, where you can regress your argon isotope data by using different line fit methods (see also: Your First Calculation).

Age and Flux Monitor Calculation

To open an age calculation file you should select the File # Open Datafile # Age and Flux Monitor Calculation (Ctrl+A) menu item. This will give you the following Open DataFile dialogbox. Now browse, select and Open your data file. You can only select one file at a time. To open multiple files together, see the Import Additional Experiment help page for more details.

Empty Age Calculation File

To open an empty age calculation file to use as a template, you should select the File # Open Datafile # Empty Age Calculation File menu item. This is a helpful function that allows you to apply age calculations to old data from your laboratory or from the literature, even if you don't have the original raw data reduction files at hand. Instead you can fill in the regressed intensities of the analyses and, if these are not already blank corrected, you can fill in procedure blanks as well. You first will be asked to give a name for the Empty Age Calculation File.

Next an adopted version of the Sample Parameters dialogbox appears, in which you can predefine the number of analyses (or steps) for the experiment. Adjust the spinner button to change the Step Number in the top right panel. In the example below, an Empty Age Calculation File with 10 incremental heating steps is being created. All other fields are similar to the normal Sample Parameters dialogbox and you should fill these out in a similar fashion (see also: Sample Parameters). However, be aware that in this case the dialogbox only appears ones for a single experiment. This means that you should select a Date in the GMT Datum panel that corresponds to the first analysis (or step) in your experiment. Later on you should edit the Sample Parameters table to enter the correct Time values for the incremental heating steps (see also: Editing the Sample Parameters Table). In some cases, you also should edit the Date values, if an experiment runs passed midnight on an experiment day or if a single experiment has be run on separate days. All other parameters always concern the entire experiment, so no extra editing is required.

When you have clicked the OK button, an Empty Age Calculation File is generated by ArArCALC. As you can see 10 place holders for Sample 001 to 010 have been created, but no calculation is possible since the key input data have not been entered yet (see further below).

Now select the Edit menu in order to start adding (or editing) your data (see also: Edit Menu). In the Intercepts Values table you should replace the 1.000000 and 0.010000 values for the Intensities and Uncertainties of all argon isotopes, respectively. Note that the Uncertainties in this table are always Standard Errors on the 1σ Level. The r2 values are optional.

If the Intercepts Values you entered above are not blank-corrected, you should replace the 0.000000 values for both the Blank Intensities and Uncertainties for all argon isotopes (see below). If the Intercepts Values are already corrected, you can leave the zero blank values in this table. However, in the latter case you should make certain that you have the Apply Procedure Blanks Corrections checkbox unchecked in your Preferences (see also: Preferences), which is the default ArArCALC setting when you generate these template files. Note that the Uncertainties in this table are again Standard Errors on the 1σ Level.

Finally, you should edit the Sample Parameters table. In this table you should (but it is not required) replace the Default Sample Names in the left-most column, the Temp values and you should edit the Date and Time values (not shown below).

When you are finished updating the tables in the Editing view, you should choose the File # Save, Close and Recalculate (Ctrl+S) menu item. Now ArArCALC will check if you have filled in your data correctly and warns you if it encounters problems with your data entries. Otherwise, it will switch back to the Age Calculation view and (re)calculate the ages and plots.

2.1.2  Print

Every data table and diagram is printable from ArArCALC. First select the data table you want to Print via the Table/Edit menu, or select a plateau or isochron diagram using Excel's Worksheet Tabs. Then choose the File # Print (Ctrl+P) menu option.

Check Current Page and select your Paper Size. Then click the Print button and your table or diagram is printed.

You can select another printer via the Chooser button (see above). This allows you to print in black & white, in color or on transparencies. Click the Setup button (see below) to adjust the settings for the selected printer. These settings will be remembered in between print sessions.

You can further customize your printouts by filling in the Laboratory Identifiers in the Preferences dialogbox (see also: Preferences). These identifiers will always be printed as header and footer, next to the date, time and ArArCALC version number on your printouts. Defining these identifiers is highly recommended, because it will make the archiving of your results more meaningful in the long term.

2.1.5  Irradiations and Projects

ArArCALC saves all age calculation data files in separate directories according to project name (see also: File Organization). This guarantees an automated and well-structured file organization. However, these project names are logged together with all irradiation parameters in the ArArCALC.log file (see also: Using the ArArCALC.log File). This log file can be accessed and updated through a set of easy-to-use dialogboxes. To activate the Changing Irradiations and Projects dialogbox, select the Options # Irradiation and Projects menu item.

The Changing Irradiations and Projects dialogbox lets you choose what via the option buttons Irradiations and Projects in the lower left Change panel. After making a selection, you can use the Add, Edit and Delete buttons to update either the list of project names or irradiations. To add a new list item, you first need to fill in the name of a new irradiation or project in the textbox in the upper right corner, followed by clicking the Add button. To edit or delete an existing irradiation or project, you first click on its name in the list box, followed by clicking either the Edit or Delete button.

If you want to save your edits, please hit the Save button first, because the Close button will close the Changing Irradiations and Projects dialogbox without saving. If you want to ignore or undo any of your changes, hit the Close button without hitting the Save button first.

When adding or editing irradiation definitions, ArArCALC will show you the Change Irradiation dialogbox to allow you to define the irradiation parameters, including up to 999 irradiation segments or cycli (see further below).

information
In this tab you can find summary info and notes for a particular irradiation. In here only the Notes can be edited and it is highly recommended that you provide a short description of the irradiation in this field. This description may include which reactor was used, whether the samples were shielded or not, the purpose of the irradiation, the related project(s) and what time zone was used in the definition of the Irradiation Cycli or Segments (see below). The Date and Total Duration of the irradiation are automatically calculated from the Irradiation Cycli data, where the Date represents the first segment listed in the irradiation list and the Total Duration the summed durations as listed in the first column.

Interference Correction
In this tab you should define the Interference Correction factors and their uncertainties. These constants differ per reactor and whether the samples were shielded or not.

Irradiation segments
In the final tab you can define the Duration, Date, End Time and MW (reactor power) of all Irradiation Cycli or Segments. It is highly recommended that you use either GMT or your Local Time Zone, as long as you consistently apply it throughout ArArCALC. For example, you should make certain that you apply the same Time Zone when you define your irradiations and when you supply dates and times in the Sample Parameters (see also: Sample Parameters). Use the spin button to increase or decrease the Number of Irradiation Segments. Click on a line in the list box to adjust your settings, which will appear for editing in the text boxes at the bottom of this dialogbox. To speed up data entry you can also check the Auto Fill option.

2.1.6  Preferences

The program ArArCALC does not contain any constant in its computer code. Every constant, parameter and setting can be set by the user. This is done to give you 100% control over what you calculate in ArArCALC. Below follows a list of adjustable settings in the Preferences dialogbox.

Calculation Preferences

Isochron Settings
These options let you influence the precision of the YORK2 Isochron calculations (see reference: York, 1969). The Convergence determines how small the difference in slope of the isochron should be for two consecutive iterations to result in a successful least-squared fit. The Convergence is here expressed as a percentage of the slope itself (see also: Isochron Calculations). The number of Iterations determines after how many iterations the isochron calculation should be terminated, in case the calculation is not converging. If you set the Convergence to a higher precision (a lower percentage), you also should adjust the number of Iterations accordingly (to a higher number). Clicking the option button Weighted YORK-2 forces ArArCALC to calculate a least-squared linear fit with correlated errors that is weighted by the inverse of the variance (see reference: York, 1969). You can overrule this setting when performing isochron calculations by selecting Normal Isochron # Weighted YORK-2 or Normal Isochron # Unweighted YORK-2 in the menu bar. You can do the same for the Inverse Isochron independently.

Data Reduction Settings
The data reduction settings determine the precision when you apply the Exponential Fit to your mass spectrometry data. The Convergence is expressed as a percentage of the curvature coefficient that is iteratively derived in this least-squared fit (see also: Line Fitting).

Error Propagation
By checking Irradiation Constants in the Error Propagation box, the errors on the irradiation correction factors will be propagated in the reported analytical error (see also: Analytical, Internal and External Errors). You can set these errors in the Change Irradiation dialogbox (see also: Managing Irradiations and Projects). If the Multiply Errors by Sqr(MSWD) is checked, then the errors on the ages and some isotope ratios (e.g. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar) will be multiplied by the sqr(MSWD) in case the MSWD becomes larger than 1 (see also: Analytical, Internal and External Errors). Both options are activated by default in ArArCALC.

Ar40, Ar39, Ar38, Ar37 and Ar36
You can chance the option buttons to the right of the Preferences dialogbox in order to set your Default Calculation Type for the raw data reductions (see also: Line Fitting). You can do this independently for each isotope by choosing from four calculation types: exponentional (Exp), parabolic or second order polynomial (Par), linear (Lin) and averaging (Ave). You can always overrule these default settings in ArArCALC when performing the actual line fits.

Other Calculation Settings
With these checkboxes you can determine which Additional Corrections to apply (or not apply) during the age calculations (see also: Other Calculation Settings). However, it is always recommended that you apply the corrections for ³⁷Ar and ³⁹Ar Decay following sample irradiation, for ³⁶Ar Ingrowth in chlorine-rich samples, and for Procedure Blanks. However, for samples younger than 1 Ma it is recommended that you uncheck the Force Negative Intensities to be Zero ... option. This will allow for more accurate age calculations, because negative ages (or error bars) are statistically expected and valid for these kind of samples. ArArCALC will generate a warning when you select a non-default setting.

Configuring the Input Filter

Defining your own Input Filter is most critical while using ArArCALC. Although it may look complicated, it gives you the flexibility to read-in different types of mass spectrometry data files. ArArCALC does not read-in binary files and expects that the measurements were saved in sequentional text files. Furthermore, the actual intensity measurements should be given per line, including the intensity (in volts, amps or counts) and the time (in hours, minutes or seconds) after inlet of the argon gas in the mass spectrometer. By clicking on the Settings button you can define the internal structure of both the header and data sections in a separate dialogbox (see explanation below). By checking the Choose Input Filter when ... checkbox, ArArCALC allows for the selection of an input filter every time you open a new data file. Otherwise the input filter selected in the list box shown below will be used by default.

General Settings
The File Structure is determined by the Number of Header Rows and the Number of Peak Measurements for each measurement cycle, and whether the text file is Space, Comma or Tab delimited. The Number of Peaks should be at least five to cover all five argon peaks between Ar36 and Ar40. In the Peak Cycle Structure the user defines which lines represent peak measurements for the argon isotopes and which lines represent baseline measurements. These lines can be assigned in random order as long as the Number of Peaks is not exceeded. If you provide two baseline measurements, ArArCALC calculates an average baseline (see Ar36 through Ar39 below). If you provide one baseline measurement, the baseline value will be subtracted as is (see Ar40 below). You can also fill in "0" when your data already have been baseline corrected (by your data acquisition software, for example). Two positions for the masses Ar41 and Ar35 have already been reserved for future importing and monitoring of this data.

Record Settings
In the Record Settings tab you can define which records in the peak lines represent the Peak Measurement, the Error on Peak Measurement and the Time Measurement. Here you can also define in which units the Time and Intensity Measurements are given and you can define settings such as the File Extension, the Maximum Number of Records and Header Lines, and how the Date and Time parameters and the Errors are represented in the data files. By default ArArCALC assumes absolute errors.

Header Structure
Your raw data files may contain more than 1 header line. In the Header Structure tab you can define on which header line (H#) and on which record position (R#) the Sample Name or J-Value was stored. This of course requires that these headers were originally saved in the data file. In the rather simple example below, only one parameter is stored, namely the Number of Cycli, which is stored in the first record of the first header line. Further below a more complicated example is shown and explained as well.

Example Input Filters

This is one of the most simple text files possible (see settings in the dialogboxes displayed above). Its space delimited and it has the minimum amount of headers. The Number of Headers should be set to 1 and consequently the Cycle # should be set to [1,1] as well. Since there is only one header line with only one parameter in it, all other possible header positions should be set to zeros (which is the default value). In this example, each measurement cycle produces 10 individual peak measurements (5 isotopic peaks and 5 baselines) and thus the Number of Peaks should be set at 10. The net peak of Ar40 is calculated based on peak 1 minus the average baseline calculated from peak 2 and peak 2, the net peak of Ar39 is calculated based on peak 3 minus the average baseline calculated from peak 2 and peak 4, etc. etc.

This is a more complicated text file that can be read-in by ArArCALC (see settings in the dialogboxes displayed below). Its comma delimited. It has 10 header lines as is set for the Number of Headers. Each measurement cycle produces 6 individual peak measurements (5 isotopic peaks and 1 baseline at mass 35.5), explaining why the Number of Peaks is only set to 6. The net peak of Ar40 is calculated based on peak 1 minus the average baseline calculated from peak 6 and peak 6 (which is the actual baseline value as measured on mass 35.5), the net peak of Ar39 is calculated based on peak 3 minus the average baseline calculated from peak 6 and peak 6, etc. etc.

The number of cycles can be found on the first record of the 9th header line in this text file and the Cycle # is thus set to [9,1]. The Sample Name, Material, Location and Analyst are all located on the first record of header lines 1 through 4. The Temperature for the measurement is located on header line 5, the J-value and Fractionation Correction Factors and their errors are located on header lines 6 and 7 at records 1 and 2, respectively. The Irradiation Name is located on the first record of header line 8. Finally, the Date and Time are located on header line 10 at records 1 and 2 as well. Since the One String for the Data and Time checkboxes have been selected (see above) only one option is available to you for the Date and Time. If you have them unchecked, you can point to individual values for the Day, Month, Year, Hours and Minutes in the header structure.

Constants

The Decay Constants and their percentual standard deviations can be set and changed in the Preferences dialogbox below. Here you can also define the data for Decay Activities and Other Physical Constants that are needed for the primary age calculations and recalibrations based on the formulations of Karner & Renne (1998), Renne et al. (1998) and Min et al. (2000). For more details read the Primary Age Recalibration Toolbox help page. The expected units are given in the brackets, unless the numbers are dimensionless.

Laboratory Preferences

The information you fill out in the Laboratory Identifiers panel will always be printed as headers and footers, next to the date, time and the ArArCALC version number, when you are making a printout from within ArArCALC. You can also set the File Location of the mass spectrometry data files on your hard disk to ensure that ArArCALC swiftly finds your data files. Finally, you may want to set a Password to protect your settings in the Preferences and Irradiation and Project dialogboxes. Setting passwords is, in particular, advised for the person who is managing the Master ArArCALC.log file, in order to circumvent accidental deletion of these important parameters (see also: Using the ArArCALC.log File).

2.1.8  ArArCALC Online Help

This ArArCALC package comes with help files written in HTML that are accessible through your web browser. These help files can be reached when running ArArCALC through the Help menu by selecting the ArArCALC Online Help (Ctrl+H) menu item. Note that these help files are not locally stored on your hard drive. This setup allows you to retrieve the most up-to-date help files without downloading the updated help files to your own computer. The ArArCALC Help Library will be launched in your default browser with the Table of Contents as the first page.

Most dialogboxes used in ArArCALC also have Online Help buttons. Click on these buttons to retrieve "context sensitive help" information from the help files stored in this online ArArCALC Help Library.

2.1.9  ArArCALC on the Web

The ArArCALC Website is continuously maintained at http://earthref.org/tools/ararcalc.htm. You can reach this website by placing a bookmark in your web browser, but you can also select the ArArCALC on the Web (Ctrl+W) menu item from within the ArArCALC software itself. On the ArArCALC Home Page you will find links to the latest downloads and news on the ArArCALC program. The website will be launched in your default browser.

2.1.10  About ArArCALC

If you want to verify what version of ArArCALC you are currently using, select the Help # About ArArCALC menu item. A window will appear (and disappear after a few seconds) that is the same as the splash window shown during the startup of ArArCALC. This window contains the basic information about the ArArCALC software and its developer.

2.2  Raw Data Reduction

Functions that are specific to the Raw Data Reduction view will be discussed in this section. Some can be found in the File and Options menus and allow you to save your data regressions and change your sample parameters. However, the most important and most frequently-used functions you will find on the ArArCALC Toolbar. From this toolbar you can toggle data points in the data regressions, select different type of regressions, swap between the Ar36, Ar37 ... Ar40 argon isotopes, and more.

2.2.1  Save

ArArCALC saves all calculated argon intensities of a single experiment in a single Microsoft Excel Workbook that includes two plateau diagrams, two isochrons, and their respective data tables. To save your calculated Ar40, Ar39 ... Ar36 intensities, choose File # Save (Ctrl+S) from the menu bar. ArArCALC first checks if you have performed calculations for all five argon isotopes. If not, it will warn you that your calculations cannot be saved at the moment. Otherwise, it saves your calculations in the Age Calculation File that is stored in the user-defined Project directory with a file name based on the given Experiment Name. However, if you have been performing data reductions for Blank or Air data, your calculations will be saved in Text Files instead. These files are by default stored in the ArArCALC/Blanks and ArArCALC/Airs directories, based on the Measurement Date and the Experiment Name, respectively.

2.2.2  Switch to Age Calculation

Switching from the Raw Data Reduction view to the Age Calculation view while saving your calculations is very simple. To do so, you should select the File # Switch to Age Calculation (Ctrl+Tab) menu option. Your calculations will be automatically saved (see also: Saving Data Reductions) and, if not possible, you will be notified with a warning. This functionality allows you to reduce your argon mass spectrometry data and then directly switch to the age calculations to check on the results. During this switching you can always suppress the saving, if you hold down the SHIFT key.

2.2.3  Sample Parameters

As an ArArCALC user you have to set the Sample Parameters every time you open a Raw Mass Spectrometry data file (see also: Open Datafile). While you are performing the data regressions for these data, you can always recall this dialogbox via the Options # Sample Parameters menu in order to adjust your settings. The shown fields are always pre-filled with data from the previous calculation, even if these were performed a few days or weeks ago. Completing this dialogbox will be fast, because most entries will be similar and thus don't need changing when regression data from a single (incremental heating) experiment. Most likely, only the GMT datum and Temperature need editing, unless you start to reduce a totally new experiment. If your raw data files already have header lines containing this information, ArArCALC will transfer this header information into this dialogbox by using your Input Filter (see also: Setting the Preferences).

Information Panel
It is recommended that you use (as) descriptive (as possible) entries in the Information panel. Fill in sample name and position in the irradiation container in the Sample field, fill in mineral, rock type and grain size fraction in the Material field, and enter full names (instead of initials) in the Analyst field (see also: How to Insert Symbols in Microsoft Excel). In the Location field try to fill in the "true" location name or (if not available) the name of the region or country (in order of preference). Finally, in the Temperature field fill in the incremental heating settings in either °C, laser power in W or laser power in %. Don't enter the units here since you already predefined these in the Input Filter that you used while opening the data file (see also: Preferences). You can always overwrite these default settings by selecting the correct unit from the Options # Heating Unit menu (see also: Heating Unit) when you are in the Age Calculation view.

Correction Factors Panel
In this panel you have to fill in some of the most crucial Correction Factors that are required for the age calculations. First of all, you need to fill in the Standard Age (in Ma) including its proper Standard Name. Next you have to fill in the infamous J-value, the Mass Discrimination Factor (see also: Mass Discrimination Corrections), any needed Volume Correction (if you split your gas sample in any way) and the Sensitivity (in mol/volt). Because you have to provide both a Standard Age and the J-value, this allows ArArCALC to calculate the data either as a flux monitor or as an unknown (see also: Calculate as Flux Monitor).

Resistance on Amplifier Panel
These options are only relevant if you have installed a Variable Resistor on the amplifier, which you can (automatically) switch according to the amount of gas introduced into your mass spectrometer. Select the correct resistance value in order to let ArArCALC normalize the measured intensities to the Default Resistor (10⁹) value. This means that when you select the 10⁸ resistor value that the intensities reported in ArArCALC are 10x higher than measured, and when you select the 10⁷ value that the intensities reported are 100x higher. If you operate with a fixed resistor, you always should keep the default option selected (see example above).

Identifiers Panel
This panel contains two list boxes in which you can select the Irradiation for your sample and under which Project to store the age calculations. Both lists you manage yourself in the Irradiations and Projects dialogboxes and you should make certain that you have entered the appropriate irradiation and project for the sample you are currently processing (see also: Irradiations and Projects).

GMT Datum Panel
You have to set the Inlet Time of the argon gas in the mass spectrometer in this panel. Provide this information as the day (d), month (m), year (y), hour (h) and minute (m) by adjusting the spinner buttons. Although it is preferred that you enter all times in GMT (Greenwich Mean Time), you can also provide local times in this panel. However, in the latter case, you should also make certain that the irradiation times were provided in the same time zone units (see also: Irradiations and Projects) and that you take care of daylights saving time (if applicable in your country). It is highly recommended that you Date and Time Stamp your data files, so that you automatically can read in this information from the header in these files (see also: Configuring the Input Filter).

2.2.4  Sample Type and Experiment Name

Every time you open a Raw Mass Spectrometry data file (see also: Open Datafile) you have to specify the Sample Type and the Experiment Name under which you want to save the data to be used in your age calculations. While you are performing the data regressions for these data, you can always recall this dialogbox via the Options # Sample Type menu.

When filling in the Experiment Name make sure to use unique names (see also: File Name Conventions). In the example below, the Experiment Name is based on the name of the first analysis in an incremental heating experiment. If you are processing data for a single incremental heating experiment, a set of single crystal analyses from one sample or a set of irradiation monitors from the same position in an irradiation package, leave the Experiment Name unchanged so that all your data can be collected and saved in one-and-the-same age calculation file.

2.2.6  Ar40. Ar39 ... Ar36 Buttons

In the Raw Data Reduction view, a XY-scatter plot displays the measurement time (in seconds) after the inlet of the argon sample in the mass spectrometer on the X-axis, and the intensity of the beam on the Y-axis (in volts, amps or counts). By default, the intensity data for Ar40 is shown first (see below). Each different argon isotope should be calculated by clicking the isotope buttons Ar40, Ar39 ... Ar36 before you can save the data regressions.

2.2.7  EXP, PAR, LIN and AVE Buttons

When performing data regressions, ArArCALC does not decide which fit to the data (exponentional, parabolic, linear or average) gives the best results. For this purpose, you can set the default regression type for each argon isotope in the preferences (see also: Calculation Preferences). Only in one particular case, when the exponential and parabolic are similar to the linear least-squared fit, ArArCALC accepts a linear fit by default. However, based on the calculation results (see the boxes to the right of the scatter plot) you can always overrule these program decisions yourself, by choosing the appropriate button on the ArArCALC toolbar: Exp, Par, Lin or Ave. In the example below the parabolic fit has been chosen by the user.

2.2.8  Copy Chart

Click the Copy Chart button on the ArArCALC toolbar to copy the active chart to the Clipboard. Now you can paste the chart into your favorite drawing program, such as Adobe Illustrator, Canvas or CorelDraw. Most importantly, the copied chart will be pasted as Vector Graphics and thus it allows you to edit each drawing object and line in the diagram. However, in order to proceed, you first have to release all the masks, compound paths and/or groups. Do this on the entire selection at once. After these actions, you can always group together the age plateau lines (for example) by first selecting the line segments based on the color and weight of the line and then by selecting the group option. This will make working with these files more easy for you.

2.2.9  Save Chart

Click the Save Chart button on the ArArCALC toolbar to save the active chart as a GIF Image to your hard disk. The file will be saved in the Project Folder by default, that is the same folder as where your age calculation file is being saved. In addition, ArArCALC will name the the GIF Image based on the Experiment Name, alike the age calculation file.

2.2.13  Reset

The Reset button recalculates the data regressions including all data points. However, note that only the data points for the currently selected isotope will be reset.

2.3  Age Calculations

Functions specific to the Age Calculation view will be discussed in this section. Saving, exporting and closing age calculations files all are done from the File menu, while many advanced (calculation) functions are available from the Options menu. You can use the Edit and Table menus to navigate between the nine data tables in which ArArCALC stores your data, and you can use the Normal and Inverse Isochron menus to set your preferences for the isochron calculations and their display options.

2.3.1  Close

Select the File # Close (Ctrl+X) menu item to Close the active age calculation file. In all cases your age calculation file will be saved upon closing (even though no progress bar is shown).

2.3.2  Save Calculations

To Save your calculations select the File # Save Calculations (Ctrl+S) menu item. This also will save your user preferences, calculation settings and irradiation definitions, as they are stored in your age calculation file. During saving the latest ArArCALC Version Number is added to the properties of the file itself, which you can view by selecting the File Properties within Windows Explorer. A progress bar appears, showing you the status while saving.

2.3.3  Export for Publication

The standard Age Calculation workbooks with the extension *.AGE cannot be opened in Microsoft Excel 2000-XP-2003 without running ArArCALC. These files are password protected to circumvent the possibility of (unexpected) changes made to the workbooks, leaving these files unreadable by ArArCALC itself. However, if you save your calculations via the File # Save as Editable Excel File (Ctrl+E) option, the password protection and the Microsoft Excel macros are removed. Now you can open these newly-saved files with the extension *.XLS in Microsoft Excel and change the format of their data tables and diagrams manually. A progress bar appears, showing you the status while saving these editable files.

2.3.5  Switch to Data Reduction

Switching from the Age Calculation view to the Raw Data Reduction view is very simple. To do so, you should select the File # Switch to Data Reduction (Ctrl+Tab) menu option.

2.3.6  Edit Menu

Four data tables in ArArCALC include data necessary for the age calculations, but which you always can edit. These data tables are all located in the Data Tables worksheet and can be selected through the Edit menu. You can also use the F1, F2, F3 and F4 keyboard strokes for faster navigation between these tables.

Procedure Blanks

ArArCALC has been set-up to run on-line during mass spectrometry and by default uses the latest-calculated blank measurement for its blank corrections. However, you can always edit the blank intensities later via the Edit # Procedure Blanks menu item. This function displays a data table containing Blank Intensities and their 1σ Standard Error (SE) for each analysis (step) in your (incremental heating) experiment. You can edit these blank data by clicking the cells and typing in new values. A single click lets you replace the complete number, whereas double-clicking will allow you to edit the number within its cell. To copy values from one cell to another, use the Drag functions of Microsoft Excel (drag the black square anchor visible on the highlighted cell down or to the right) or use the Copy (Ctrl+C) and Paste (Ctrl+P) buttons. Note that you can also copy blank values via the clipboard, in which case you select the cells in which to place your new values and use the Paste (Ctrl+P) button. The Reset button will undo all edits, unless you already have saved them.

You can also select single (or multiple) cells, representing one (or more) analyses, and then choose Import Procedure Blanks from the toolbar. Since ArArCALC saves all blank measurements in text files organized per measurement date, this function allows you to import multiple blank measurements for a range of days, by opening more than one of these text files. Blank measurements can now be selected in the Select Blank Files list box to calculate Average Blanks for all argon isotopes, including their (predicted) standard deviations. This ArArCALC tool then automatically replaces all blank values and uncertainties in the edit table for the selected analyses. However, when the Default Errors checkbox is checked, the standard deviations will be overruled by percentual errors.

You can also click the Advanced Blanks button to analyze the Evolution in the Procedure Blanks over the same range of days. For each argon isotope you can now calculate a linear, parabolic or polynomial fit (pink dashed line). These calculations can be done while generating a standard error or 65-95% confidence envelop (grey dashed lines). The unknowns for which to calculate the blank values are indicated by gray circles at the bottom of the diagram (see also: Import Procedure Blank Toolbox). When you click the OK button, this ArArCALC tool again replaces all blank values and uncertainties in the edit table for the selected analyses.

Intercept Values

You can edit the intercept values via the Edit # Intercept Values menu item. In this data table all Intercept Values including their 1σ Standard Error (SE) are stored together with the r², the type of line fit (EXP, PAR, LIN or AVE) and the data points excluded from the data regression. Editing is similar as described above. The Reset button will undo all edits.

Sample Parameters

The Sample Parameters (see also: Your First Calculations, Sample Parameters) can be edited via the Edit # Sample Parameters menu. This offers you the possibility to later finalize the actual J-value used in the age calculations or to better define the timing of the measurements. Note that in all the data tables the first two columns on the left (analyses number and increment temperature) cannot be edited. Although there is no possibility (and no need) to edit the analyses numbers, you always can adjust the temperature for each incremental heating step or analysis in the Temp column. All other values can be edited manually. The Reset button will undo all edits.

Irradiation Constants

Finally, the Irradiation Constants may be edited via the Edit # Irradiation Constants menu item. This makes possible the combined age calculation of samples with different irradiation histories (see also: Import Additional Experiments). All irradiation constants can be edited manually. They can also be updated in one go by clicking the Update Irradiation Constants button, which will replace all values with the latest values found in the ArArCALC.log file (see also: Update Irradiation Constants). If you are going to calculate ages in the lunar mode, the labels of this table automatically will be changed from 40/36(a) to 40/36(t) and a default value of 40/36(t) = 1 is assumed (see also: Calculate as Lunar Sample). When you toggle back to the terrestrial age calculation mode, this value gets reset to the default 295.5 value for atmospheric argon. These are the only hard-coded values in ArArCALC and only are applied when toggling to lunar age calculations and back, but you always can overwrite these values by editing the Irradiation Constants table again. The Reset button will undo all edits.

2.3.7  Tables Menu

Nine different data tables are available in every ArArCALC age calculation file. Five of these tables include output data from your age calculations, whereas four tables include the input data necessary to perform the age calculations and which you can edit at any time (see also: Editing Data in ArArCALC). The calculation data tables are all located in the Data Tables worksheet and are selectable through the Tables menu. You can also use the F5, F6, F7, F8 and F9 keyboard strokes for faster navigation between the tables.

Age Plateau

The Age Plateau data table contains calculation data for the plateau age, total fusion ages and K/Ca ratios. Note that also the MSWD, the number of increments and the total amount of ³⁹Ar(k) in percent are given for the age plateau calculation. The uncertainties on the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages are defined as Internal Errors that combine the Analytical Errors with the Errors on the J-value. For completeness, the Analytical Errors and External Errors (including the error on the total ⁴⁰Ar decay constant) are given as well (see also: Analytical, Internal and External Errors). The checkmarks signify the analyses included in the age plateau calculation, whereas the summed ³⁶Ar(a), ³⁷Ar(ca), ³⁸Ar(cl), ³⁹Ar(k) and ⁴⁰Ar(r) components at the bottom of the table are used to calculate the total fusion (or recombined) age.

Isochrons

The Normal Isochron and Inverse Isochron data tables contain the calculated ratios ³⁹Ar/³⁶Ar, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁹Ar/⁴⁰Ar and ³⁶Ar/⁴⁰Ar as used in the York (1969) isochron calculations. Both tables display correlation coefficients (r.i) denoting to what extend the errors used in these isotope ratios are correlated. In the example of an inverse isochron below, the correlation is minimal, because the error in the ⁴⁰Ar (denominator) is small compared to the errors on ³⁹Ar and ³⁶Ar (the nominators). In the Statistics section the isochron calculations are further described by the convergence, number of iterations, type of calculated line, F-ratio, error magnification factor, and the number of points included in these calculations.

Degassing Patterns

The Degassing Patterns data table contains for every analyses in your experiments the calculated argon components. For example, the entire measurement for the ³⁶Ar isotope can be divided into the ³⁶Ar(a) atmospheric, ³⁶Ar(ca) calcium and ³⁶Ar(cl) chlorine components, and if you are analyzing lunar rocks, also the ³⁶Ar(c) cosmogenic component. For each individual component all increments or steps are summed, while the components themselves are summed as well (see the bottom of the table). A selection of these summed components appears in the Age Plateau data table as well (see above) and they are used to calculate the total fusion ages or to display these in the isochron diagrams (see also: Total Fusion Points in Isochron Diagrams). You can also visualize the Degassing Patterns in an interactive toolbox (see also: Degassing Patterns Toolbox).

Additional Parameters

The last data table for Additional Parameters contains an extra selection of data that may be interesting to you when judging the outcome of your argon experiments. Most notable are the decay correction factors for ³⁷Ar and ³⁹Ar, which are used to correct for radioactive decay occurring between the irradiation of the sample and your actual measurements. But also the absolute amount of ⁴⁰Ar measured is listed here in moles, and the corrected ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar, ³⁷Ar/³⁹Ar and ³⁶Ar/³⁹Ar ratios and their uncertainties.

2.3.8  Normal and Inverse Isochron Menus

Individual menus are available for the Normal and Inverse Isochrons, allowing you to change a variety of Display options for each isochron separately and to toggle the calculations between Weighted/Unweighted YORK-2 Fits.

Display Labels for Selected Data Points

You can show or hide Labels for the Selected data points (green squares) in your isochron diagrams by toggling this menu item. The labels always show you the Temperature for a specific (incremental heating) data point. For example, 0.06W or 1500°C.

Display Labels for Deselected Data Points

Alternatively, you can show or hide the same Temperature Labels for the Deselected data points (blue squares).

Display Isochron Line

With this menu item you can show or hide the calculated Isochron line (pink line). The isochron line is shown by default, except if less than 3 data points are included in the calculations.

Display Reference Line

You can also show or hide the Reference line (dark grey line) that depicts the line between the Plateau Age Intercept on the ³⁹Ar/⁴⁰Ar axis and the Atmospheric Argon Intercept (295.5) on the ³⁶Ar/⁴⁰Ar axis. In a perfect case, the reference and isochron lines overlap on the 95% confidence level. The reference line is shown by default, except if less than 3 data points are included in the calculations.

Display Error Ellipses

To show or hide Error Ellipses in the isochron plots toggle this menu item. Since the ratios on the axes of the isochron diagrams have errors that are correlated, the ellipses always become (slightly) inclined. This is more clear in normal isochrons than in inverse isochrons, where in the normal isochron diagrams the ellipses often get elongated extensively and rotated to line up with the isochron itself. In that case, it is often easier to hide the error ellipses from view, which also is the default setting in ArArCALC for normal isochrons. For the inverse isochrons, the ellipses are shown by default.

Display Total Fusion Point

The Total Fusion Point (red circle) can be shown or hidden in both isochrons. By default ArArCALC shows this point, because in a closed system, this point is expected to coincide with (i.e. falling on) the isochron line. These points thus provide you with an easy visual check on this particular characteristic for your sample.

Apply Weighted YORK-2 Fit

By default the Isochron calculations are performed using Weighted Errors (York, 1969).

Apply Unweighted YORK-2 Fit

In some cases, you might want to use an Unweighted YORK-2 Fit. A good example is, if one of your data points has an unusual small error (because you employed a too large incremental heating step) and thus (unrealistically) outweighs all other data points in your isochron calculations. By choosing this option, a linear fit without any weighting gets performed, and thus ignores the unevenness in your heating schedule.

2.3.9  Heating Unit

You can set the Heating Unit for your sample to either Laser Wattage, Laser % or Temperature (in °C). Simple select your option from the Options # Heating Unit menu item, and the tables in ArArCALC will automatically be updated and reformatted.

2.3.10  Import Additional Experiment

You can also Combine Multiple Experiments in single ArArCALC age calculation workbooks, when using the Options # Import Additional Experiment menu item. This functionality allows you to combine analyses from co-magmatic mineral separates (e.g. plagioclase and hornblende) from one rock sample into a single isochron calculation. Also, multiple total fusion experiments for one flux monitor standard can be merged into one calculation. Finally, this functionality allows you to combine or directly compare sample splits measured in different laboratories or from different irradiations.

2.3.11  Calculate as Flux Monitor

Choosing the Options # Calculate as Flux Monitor menu item toggles between calculation of J-values and ages. This is possible since ArArCALC requires the input of both the standard age and J-value (and their uncertainties) for every analysis (see also: Your First Calculation ... How to Start). This functionality may be useful to you, when you are reducing data from flux monitor standards, for which both the resulting standard age and J-value are of interest.

2.3.12  Calculate as Lunar Sample

Choosing the Options # Calculate as Lunar Sample menu item toggles between calculation of terrestrial and lunar ages. When calculating Lunar Ages the atmospheric component is replaced with a trapped component and an additional cosmogenic component is added into your calculations.

2.3.14  Display Additional Statistics

Choosing the Options # Additional Statistics menu item displays a dialogbox containing a summary of the plateau age (or J-value), plus a list of additional statistical parameters describing the shape and form of the plateau itself. The perfect (flat) age plateau would have a slope and skewness of zero, a high positive kurtosis and a low square of deviations.

2.3.20  Attach Latest Master Log File

In some cases, you may want to replace the log files that are attached to your age calculation files with the latest Master ArArCALC.log file. Select the Options # Attach Latest Master Log File menu item. First the old log files will be removed from your Excel workbook, where after a copy of the latest master settings will be appended again (see also: Using the ArArCALC.log File). Before replacing the log files, you will be asked to confirm this action.

2.3.22  Ka, Ma and Ga Buttons

You can report your age data either in Ka, Ma or Ga units. Click the appropriate button in the ArArCALC Toolbar and your data will be recalculated and reformatted accordingly. Ma is the default setting in ArArCALC.

2.3.23  Table Sorting

You can sort the data tables by selecting any cell in the column on which you like to sort and then hit one of the Sort buttons. The sort can be performed in a descending (first button) or ascending (second button) order. You can sort using up to three different sorting keys. To use more than one sorting key, you should select up to three different cells in three different columns while holding down the CTRL button and then hit one of the Sort buttons. To restore the default sorting order, you should sort on the first column, as shown in each table, or on the temperature column in case of an incremental heating experiment.

2.3.24  Table Zooming

You can Zoom In on the text in the data tables by clicking on the Magnification Glass button in the ArArCALC Toolbar. To restore the view, select the 100% zoom level after clicking the Magnification Glass button again.

2.3.25  Delete Analyses

You can always delete analyses from your age calculation files. Simply select one or more analyses in the data table and click Delete Analyses on the ArArCALC Toolbar. You will be asked to confirm the deletion.

2.3.26  Degassing Patterns Toolbox

The degassing of whole rock and basaltic groundmass samples during incremental heating experiments can be rather complex (for example Koppers et al. 2000 and 2004). The Degassing Patterns Toolbox is provided to you to better study and understand these degassing behaviors. In the example below of a submarine groundmass sample, the measured intensities of four argon components are shown, as indicated by the orange, purple, light blue and green buttons in the Select Argon Components panel. This is an interesting view of the degassing behavior of this sample, but the signal is rather erratic and the high intensity for the ⁴⁰Ar(r) Component forces the other components to be nearly invisible near the bottom axis. This view becomes much more useful, if we normalize the signal (i.e. intensity) to the step size, as shown in the second example below. The ⁴⁰Ar(r) Component now closely resembles the shape of the age spectra, which is what we are expecting, yet its intensity still overwhelms the other components. This problem gets alleviated as well, if we plot the degassing patterns as fractions over the entire experiment. This is shown in the third example below and clearly brings forward the low intensity components in the same plot. As it turns out, this experiment shows large spikes in the ³⁶Ar(a) and ³⁸Ar(cl) Components for the low temperature increments and another spike in the ³⁷Ar(ca) Component for the high temperature increments. These are very useful observations that will help you in the interpretation of complex argon age spectra.

Select Argon Components
To select or deselect certain Argon Components, click either on the buttons or make your selections in the list box on the left-hand side. You can also use the buttons beneath this list box to Select All or Deselect All. The colors of the selected buttons correspond to the colors of the lines in the diagram.

Calculation Mode
By default the data are plotted against the Cumulative Amount of ³⁹Ar(k) Released. However, you can also display the data against the Increment Temperature in case of a incremental heating experiment. Select one of the two checkboxes to change between these modes. Freeze Scales is helpful when you want to save the scaling settings between different toolbox sessions. You can also select the Show Age Plateau checkbox, which will add a horizontal bar to the plot, indicating the position of the age plateau. Check the Normalize Data checkbox if you want the normalize the intensities measured against the step size or the amount of ³⁹Ar(k) in each increment. And, finally, you can disable the automatic updating of the plot and do a Manual Calculation. In that case use the Recalculate button to update the calculations.

Scaling
To manually scale the plot, change the numbers in the Scaling panel and click on the Change button. If you want to retain these customs settings between different toolbox sessions, be certain to check the Freeze Scale checkbox.

2.3.27  Copy Chart

To use or edit your plateau and isochron diagrams in your favorite drawing program, click the Copy Chart button on the ArArCALC Toolbar. Your diagrams will be put onto the clipboard in a vector graphics format and can be pasted straight into software tools like Adobe Illustrator, Canvas or CorelDraw (see also: Working with ArArCALC Diagrams in Adobe Illustrator).

2.3.28  Save Chart

You can also save your plateau and isochron diagrams as a GIF Image by clicking the Save Chart button on the ArArCALC Toolbar. The image files will be saved automatically in your Project folders (see also: File Organization).

2.3.29  Reset

By clicking the Reset button on the ArArCALC Toolbar you will include all "unflagged" analyses in your calculations again. Upon calculation all tables and diagrams will be updated accordingly (see also: Flagging Analyses in ArArCALC).

2.3.30  Recalculate

Click the Recalculate button on the ArArCALC Toolbar if you want to refresh the age calculations. In most cases, this is not necessary, because ArArCALC automatically recalculates the ages when you make changes. There is one exception, however, that is when you have updated your preferences or irradiation constants (see also: Preferences, Irradiations and Projects). In that case, your new settings will be applied when you hit the Recalculate button or when ArArCALC recalculates because you made other changes to the age calculation file. Examples of the latter are the (un)flagging of your analyses, adding or deleting analyses, changing the 1 or 2 sigma confidence level, changing the age units, etc.

2.5  Editing Mode

The functions available to you in the Edit Mode will be discussed in this section. Saving, recalculating and closing of your edits is done from the File menu, while you still can use the Edit menu to navigate between the four edit tables. A handful of advanced tools are available from the ArArCALC Toolbar, allowing you to Import Procedure Blanks or to Update Irradiation Constants in an easy fashion.

2.5.1  Save, Close and Recalculate

When you are finished editing your data in one or more of the four edit tables, you should apply these by selecting the Files # Save, Close and Recalculate (Ctrl+S) menu item. A progress bar appears, showing you the status while applying your edits. When all edits have been applied, you will be returned to the Age Calculation mode. If you have entered data in the wrong format, outside their allowed data range, or you have left some of the required fields blank, ArArCALC will ask you to change the particular data field(s) first.

2.5.2  Close Without Saving

If you want to leave the Edit Mode without saving your edits, select the Files # Close Without Saving (Ctrl+X) menu item. You edits will be undone first (see also: Reset) after which you will be returned to the Age Calculation mode.

2.5.3  Edit Menu

2.5.4  Import Procedure Blank Toolbox

This special toolbox is provided to help you analyze the Evolution of your Procedure Blanks over a single day or a range of days. To use this toolbox, first activate the blanks table via the Edit # Procedure Blanks menu item. Now select one or more analyses and click the Import Procedure Blanks button on the ArArCALC Toolbar. Since the blank measurements are all saved in text files organized by measurement date, this tool allows you to import multiple blank measurements for a range of days, by opening more than one of these text files. Hold down the control key when selecting more than one file.

The Advanced Blank Calculations dialogbox is now shown, in which you can select/deselect blanks and go through the Ar36, Ar37 ... Ar40 isotopes to calculate either a Linear, Parabolic, Polynomial or Average Fit (pink dashed line). These calculations also return Confidence Envelopes (grey dashed lines) at three different kinds of confidence levels. When you are finished calculating your blank evolutions, click the OK button and ArArCALC will replace your blanks and uncertainties with the newly calculated values. If the predicted error envelop gives an uncertainty that is smaller than the average error bars on the measured blanks, then the larger of the two error estimates is used by default.

Selecting Isotopes and Regression Types
To select different argon isotopes, click on the radio buttons labeled Ar36, Ar37 ... Ar40. To select and show a particular regression, click on any of the check boxes in the upperleft table. This will select the blank data for a particular argon isotope, while calculating the chosen regression line and its uncertainties. The resulting r2 and SEyx (in %) statistics are immediately updated, as are the regression lines and error envelopes in the plot.

Selecting and Deselecting Blanks Files
To deselect blank files from the calculations, click on their file name in the Select Blank Files list box. You can also use the button beneath this list box to Deselect All or Select All. When you deselect blanks, the horizontal scale will be adjusted to closely fit the data points in the plotting window. Deselected files are indicated by red squares (see below).

Calculation Mode
In this toolbox you can calculate the blank evolutions with respect to either Time for laser runs or Temperature for furnace runs. You can only check one of these checkboxes at a time.

Air Normalization
This option allows you to subtract a presumed Atmospheric Component from your blank measurements (see also: Blank Corrections) before it is used in the age calculations. You should give in the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar Ratio most recently measured for your air shots and you should provide an intensity for the Default ⁴⁰Ar Blank that is close to what you measured for the particular blanks during your experiment. As a result, the blank evolutions for ³⁸Ar and ³⁶Ar may become more "flat" while the ⁴⁰Ar remains constant. Check the Normalize ³⁸Ar-³⁶Ar to ⁴⁰Ar checkbox to activate this option.

Options
Your calculated blank uncertainties also can be replaced with a default set of percentual uncertainties. Click the Default Blank Errors checkbox to activate this option and click on the Change button to edit these percentages, which should be given at the 1σ Confidence Level.

2.5.5  Update Irradiation Constants

Every time you save your data regressions (see also: Your First Calculations, Save) the Irradiation Constants of a predefined and preselected irradiation (see also: Irradiations and Projects) will be copied into your age calculation file. At all times you can edit these irradiation constants by hand (see also: Editing Data in ArArCALC), but you also can refresh these values en masse by applying the Update Irradiation Constants function from the ArArCALC Toolbar. This function will copy the latest interference correction constants into your age calculation file as defined in the ArArCALC.log files that are attached to each age calculation file (see also: Using the ArArCALC.log File).

2.5.6  Copy and Paste

When you are in Edit Mode you can copy and paste values from one cell to another. You can use the Copy and Paste buttons from the ArArCALC Toolbar or the Ctrl+C and Ctrl+P keyboard shortcuts. These functions also allow you to copy data from outside Excel and paste these into the age calculation files.

2.5.7  Delete Analyses

2.5.8  Copy Chart

2.5.9  Save Chart

2.5.10  Reset

By clicking the Reset button on the ArArCALC Toolbar you will "undo" all edits you have made in the editable tables (see also: Edit Menu) during your current editing session.

See also ...

Contents	ArArCALC
Chapter 1	Using ArArCALC
Chapter 3	Algorithms
Chapter 4	Miscellaneous Tips and Bug Fixes

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