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Bixler & Carrigan 1986
Bixler, N.E. and Carrigan, C.R. (1986). Enhanced heat transfer in partially-saturated hydrothermal systems. Geophysical Research Letters 13: doi: 10.1029/GL013i001p00042. issn: 0094-8276.

The role of capillarity is potentially important for determining heat transfer in hydrothermal regions. Capillarity allows mixing of phases in liquid/vapor systems and results in enhanced two-phase convection. Comparisons involving a numerical model with capillarity and analytical models without indicate that heat transfer can be enhanced by about an order of magnitude. Whether capillarity can be important for a particular hydrothermal region will depend on the nature of mineral precipitation as well as pore and fracture size distributions.

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Geophysical Research Letters
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