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Whitten et al. 1986
Whitten, R.C., Singhal, R.P. and Knudsen, W.C. (1986). Thermal structure of the venus ionosphere: A two-dimensional model study. Geophysical Research Letters 13. doi: 10.1029/GL013i001p00010. issn: 0094-8276.

A simple, two-dimensional, spectral model of heat transport in the Venus ionosphere has been constructed. Numerical experiments with the model suggest that a nocturnal heat source about an order of magnitude smaller than the day-time source is required to simulate the observed ion and electron temperatures. The solar zenith angle dependence of the high-altitude ion temperature appears to be caused by expansion followed by compression of the plasma as it flows from the dayside to the nightside. Thermal-flux saturation appears to be significant on the nightside, but the formation of a standing shock wave does not seen to be required to explain the broad features of the observed, nocturnal ion temperature.

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Geophysical Research Letters
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