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Schlinger & Smith 1986
Schlinger, C.M. and Smith, R.M. (1986). Superparamagnetism in volcanic glasses of the KBS tuff: transmission electron microscopy and magnetic behavior. Geophysical Research Letters 13: doi: 10.1029/GL013i008p00729. issn: 0094-8276.

Volcanic glass separates (colorless to dark brown) from the KBS tuff of northern Kenya have been studied with a combination of transmission electron microscopy and low-temperature ac susceptibility and dc magnetization experiments. The darker of these glasses exhibit classic superparamagnetic behavior, the origin of which lies in a spatially-uniform prcipitate of magnetite, which is present as ~1% by weight in glass shards with the highest susceptibility. In any given glass separate (obtained by magnetic separation) this precipitate has a surprisingly narrow size distribution. A theory for the origin of the precipitate is nucleatation and growth in quenched glasses at temperatures of ~1000--1300¿ K; an experiment demonstrates the feasibility of this idea. These glasses provide us with a sample for experimental investigations of physical properties of naturally-ocurring dispersed magnetic phases at the lower limit of physical dimension that can be attained in the crystalline state.

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Geophysical Research Letters
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American Geophysical Union
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