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Grard & Gringauz 1986
Grard, R. and Gringauz, K. (1986). Electron emission by gas and dust impacts during the flybys of comet Halley. Geophysical Research Letters 13: doi: 10.1029/GL013i008p00877. issn: 0094-8276.

The space probes which flew through the envrionment of Comet Halley have been bombarded by a flow of molecules and dust particles which impacted their surface with a relative velocity of the order of 70--80 km s-1. The emission of secondary electrons and sputtered ions caused by these impacts was a potential source of interference for the experiments which analyzed the gas and plasma environment of the comet. The impact plasma detector is a simple device which measured the saturation current of the secondary electrons emitted from a gold target mounted on Vega-1 and Vega-2. The effects of the gas and dust impacts can be easily separated; the total gas production rate of the nucleus is estimated to be of the order of 1030 molecules/s at 0.8 AU.

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Geophysical Research Letters
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