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Farrell & Desch 1992
Farrell, W.M. and Desch, M.D. (1992). Cloud-to-stratosphere lightning discharges: A radio emission model. Geophysical Research Letters 19: doi: 10.1029/91GL02955. issn: 0094-8276.

Recent observations of rare cloud-to-stratospheric lightning discharges suggest the events are inherently ''slow-rising'', with the emitted energy reaching peak values in about 10 milliseconds. Applying a dipole radiation model, we demonstrate that the emitted radio wave energy from such slow-rising events is strongest below about 50 Hz, and possesses a significant rolloff at higher frequencies. In the analysis, various current distributions are considered in order to determine the effect on the radio spectrum. Near 10 kHz, the emission from cloud-to-stratospheric lightning is significantly reduced as compared to the typical cloud-to-ground return stroke, with amplitudes as much as 50 dB lower. This result may explain the lack of detection of VLF signals from recently observed long-lasting discharge events. ¿ American Geophysical Union 1992

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Abstract

Keywords
Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics, Lightning, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics, Atmospheric electricity, Atmospheric Composition and Structure, Middle atmosphere—composition and chemistry, Electromagnetics, Electromagnetic theory
Journal
Geophysical Research Letters
http://www.agu.org/journals/gl/
Publisher
American Geophysical Union
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