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Holden et al. 1995
Holden, D.N., Munson, C.P. and Devenport, J.C. (1995). Satellite observations of transionospheric pulse pairs. Geophysical Research Letters 22: doi: 10.1029/95GL00432. issn: 0094-8276.

The BLACKBEARD payload aboard the ALEXIS satellite has been making broadband observations in the VHF band of the radio spectrum. Since November of 1993 several hundred unusual signals have been recorded. The peculiar nature of these bursts of radio noise is that they have a duration of approximately 10 &mgr;sec, are typically 20 to 40 dB brighter than the average background, and occur in pairs separated by approximately 50 &mgr;sec. We have dubbed these emissions TransIonospheric Pulse Pairs, or TIPP events. We do not know what the source of these emissions is, but the dispersion of these signals is consistent with an origin at or near the earth's surface. The satellite field of view and time of day when TIPP events are generally detected are consistent with regions of thunderstorms activity such as south-central Africa or Indonesia. ¿ American Geophysical Union 1995

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Keywords
Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics, Atmospheric electricity, Radio Science, Radio wave propagation, Radio Science, Instruments and techniques, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics, Lightning
Journal
Geophysical Research Letters
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American Geophysical Union
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