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Calvin et al. 1996
Calvin, W.M., Johnson, R.E. and Spencer, J.R. (1996). O2 on Ganymede: Spectral characteristics and plasma formation mechanisms. Geophysical Research Letters 23: doi: 10.1029/96GL00450. issn: 0094-8276.

Weak absorption features in the visible reflectance spectrum of Jupiter's satellite Ganymede have been correlated to those observed in the spectrum of molecular oxygen. We examine the spectral characteristics of these absorption features in all phases of O2 and conclude that the molecular oxygen is most likely present at densities similar to the liquid or solid &ggr;-phase. The contribution of O2 to spectral features observed on Ganymede in the near-infrared wavelength region affects the previous estimates of photon path-length in ice. The concentration of the visible absorption features on the trailing hemisphere of Ganymede suggests an origin due to bombardment by magnetospheric ions. We derive an approximate O2 formation rate from this mechanism and consider the state of O2 within the surface. ¿ American Geophysical Union 1996

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Abstract

Keywords
Planetology, Solid Surface Planets, Composition, Planetology, Solid Surface Planets, Interactions with particles and fields
Journal
Geophysical Research Letters
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American Geophysical Union
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