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Alpert & Green 1994
Alpert, Y. L. and Green, J.L. (1994). Cone structure and focusing of VLF and LF electromagnetic waves at high altitudes in the ionosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 99: doi: 10.1029/93JA01473. issn: 0148-0227.

The frequency and angle dependencies of the electric field radiated by an electric dipole E=E0 cos &ohgr;t are studied through numerical calculations of ‖E‖ in the VLF and LF frequency bands 0.02fbF≤0.5fb in a model ionosphere over an altitude region of 800--6000 km where the wave frequency and electron gyrofrequency varies between F~4--500 kHz and fb≂(1.1 to 0.2) MHz respectively. It is found that the amplitudes of the electric field have large maxima in four regions: close to the direction of the Earth magnetic field line B0 (it is called the axis field E0), in the Storey ESt, reversed Storey ERevSt, and resonance ERes cones. The maximal values of E0, ERes, and ERevSt are the most pronounced close to the lower hybrid frequency, F~FL. The flux of the electric field is concentrated in very narrow regions, with the apex angles of the cones Δ&bgr;≂(0.1-1) deg. The enhancement and focusing of the electric field increases with altitude starting at Z>800 km. At Z≥1000 up to 6000 km, the relative value of ‖E‖, in comparison with its value at Z=800 km is about (102 to 104) times larger. Thus the flux of VLF and LF electromagnetic waves generated at high altitudes in the Earth's ionosphere are trapped into very narrow conical beams similar to laser beams. ¿ American Geophysical Union 1994

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Abstract

Keywords
Ionosphere, Electric fields and currents, Ionosphere, Plasma waves and instabilities, Space Plasma Physics, Radiation processes, Space Plasma Physics, Waves and instabilities
Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
http://www.agu.org/journals/jb/
Publisher
American Geophysical Union
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