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Hollweg 1975
Hollweg, J.V. (1975). Alfvén wave refraction in high-speed solar wind streams. Journal of Geophysical Research 80: doi: 10.1029/JA080i007p00908. issn: 0148-0227.

We use a simple physical theory to calculate the variation of Alfv¿n wave amplitudes and the wave refraction in a schematic model for a high-speed solar wind stream. The results are as follows. (1) The wave amplitudes ΔB212 are larger in the compression region of the stream than in the rarefaction region. (2) The relative amplitudes ΔB212/B0 are larger in the rarefraction region than in the compression region, this result indicating that nonlinear effects may be more important in the rarefaction region. (3) The azimuthal velocity gradient in the stream leads to the result that k is no longer nearly radial at 1 AU, in contrast to predictions based on a spherically symmetric solar wind structure. In the rarefraction region, k turns into the direction of B0, whereas in the compression region, k turns away from the direction of B0. This predicted result in the rarefraction agrees with direct in situ observations at 1 AU. (4) Waves that start near the sun with different k all tend to be refracted into the same direction by the time that they reach 0.5 AU. This result indicates that plane wave analyses will be appropriate beyond 0.5 AU.

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Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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