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Shepherd et al. 1976
Shepherd, G.G., Whitteker, J.H., Winningham, J.D., Hoffman, J.H., Maier, E.J., Brace, L.H., Burrows, J.R. and Cogger, L.L. (1976). The topside magnetospheric cleft ionosphere observed from the Isis 2 spacecraft. Journal of Geophysical Research 81: doi: 10.1029/JA081i034p06092. issn: 0148-0227.

Data from the Isis 2 spacecraft for five orbits in November 1971 are examined in detail. The spacecraft was then in cartwheel configuration, permitting detailed angular and spectral measurements of charged particle fluxes (E> eV), local ion densities and temperatures, local electron densities and temperatures, F region peak electron densities, and 6300- and 5577-¿ emissions accurately located at the field line foot. In the November 9 and 10 orbits, highly structured regions of electron flux having average energies of ~-0.7 and ~0.2 keV are observed. The O+ density at the 1400-km spacecraft altitude generally reflects the electron precipitation, disappearing rapidly at the poleward boundary with He+ becoming dominant in the polar cap. Throughout this region of enhanced O+ densities, strong polar wind flows of H+ are observed. The electron densities obtained with the topside sounder are sometimes higher than the ion densities; this is in part due to the structured nature of the cleft region, but other indirect plasma processes may also be involved. The ion temperature is about 2000¿K inside the cleft and rises to about 5000¿k at the poleward cleft boundary. The F region peak density shows some structure but no uniquely indentifiable cleft response and the optical emissions generally show a multiple peaked structure, normally with the lowest red/green ratio in the equatorward components. The November 17 ajnd 18 orbits differ in that the electron spectrum precipitation energies are closer to 100 eV, are less structured, and are displaced to higher invariant latitude. The O+ densities are higher, while the light ions are little changed, and O+ is oval. The optical red/green ratio is higher for these orbits. A tentative explanation for the different behavior is the passage of a sector boundary between these two dates with the interplanetary field direction changing from 'away' to 'toward.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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