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Detailed Reference Information
Balsley et al. 1976
Balsley, B.B., Rey, A. and Woodman, R.F. (1976). On the plasma instability mechanisms responsbile for Esq. Journal of Geophysical Research 81: doi: 10.1029/JA081i007p01391. issn: 0148-0227.

Evidence is presented showing that the gradient drift (type 2) irregularities are the most probable scatterers responsbile for equatorial sporadic E (Edq) echoes observed on conventional equatorial ionograms and that the two-stream (type 1) irregularities are not detectable at ionosonde wavelengths (1--10 MHz).

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Abstract

Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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