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Nastrom & Belmont 1976
Nastrom, G.D. and Belmont, A.D. (1976). The influence of long-period dynamo region winds on the surface geomagnetic field elements. Journal of Geophysical Research 81. doi: 10.1029/JA081i025p04800. issn: 0148-0227.

Periodic analyses of H and Z are presented, and it is verified that the annual and quasi-biennial waves in H and Z can be caused by dynamo effects. Such waves need not appear in the spectr of geomagnetic activity indexes, such as Ap. An estimate of the annual wave in H produced by the annual waves in ionospheric wind speed yields a reasonable amplitude. It is suggested that the quasi-biennial oscillation in H and Z ia also caused by ionospheric winds.

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Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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