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Roelof et al. 1976
Roelof, E.C., Keath, E.P., Bostrom, C.O. and Williams, D.J. (1976). Fluxes of ?50-keV protons and ?30-keV electrons at ~35 RE 1. Velocity anisotropies and plasma flow in the magnetotail. Journal of Geophysical Research 81: doi: 10.1029/JA081i013p02304. issn: 0148-0227.

The NOAA/APL energetic particle experiment (EPE) on Imp 7 (Explorer 47) is capable of measuring hot plasma flow with a temporal resolution of 20 s if the densities exceed ~0.1 cm-3. The lowest-energy electron channel (30--90 keV) can detect plasma with kT~1 keV, while the lowest-energy proton channel (50--200 keV) can detect plasmas at similar temperatures if they have a bulk velocity of >50 km s-1. The bulk velocities can be deduced from the measured proton angular distributions (16 sectors in the ecliptic) by using straightforward expressions derived from phase space transformations of a Maxwellian distribution. Representative examples are given for quiet time flow in the magnetosheath (V~500 km s-1, kT?5 keV) and the magnetotail (V~70 km s-1, kTp~10 keV), with Tp/Te>3 in both cases. We also present a detailed example of a class of high-intensity events that occur in the plasma sheet in the dusk sector of the magnetosphere. The 1-hour event (0520--0620 UT, October 3, 1973) was associated with a 1500-&ggr; depression in the H component of the geomagnetic field at Barrow, Alaska. Tailward velocities of 1260 km s-1 were deduced during the expansive phase of the substorm, and sunward velocities of ~950 km s-1 during the recovery. Comparison with higher-energy proton measurements on the same spacecraft over the first year of data (September 1972 to October 1973) reveals that the larger events often have a nonthermal tail, although bulk velocities, densities, and temperatures deduced from the smaller events are consistent with previous measurements of plasma flow by other workers.

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