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Bratteng & Leer 1978
Bratteng, O. and Leer, E. (1978). Oscillating echoes from the polar E layer. Journal of Geophysical Research 83: doi: 10.1029/JA083iA03p01162. issn: 0148-0227.

Radio waves with a freuency of 4 MHz transmitted vertically into the polar ionosphere and reflected in the E layer occasionally show very stable oscillations in intensity. This phenomenon, which occurs mainly in the evening sector under quiet conditions, has been studied at Ny-Ălesund, Spitzbergen, by using a 4-MHz transmitter and four spaced receiving antennas. The observed oscillations can be explained as interference of waves reflected from a pair of enhanced ionization regions some 30 km apart and moving with a horizontal velocity of the order of 100 m/s. The low drift velocity is consistent with low magnetic activity.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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