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Pesses et al. 1979
Pesses, M.E., Tsurutani, B.T., Allen, J.A.V. and Smith, E.J. (1979). Acceleration of energetic protons by interplanetary shocks. Journal of Geophysical Research 84: doi: 10.1029/JA080i012p07297. issn: 0148-0227.

The University of Iowa instrument aboard Pioneer 11 detected 69 energetic proton events (EPE) (0.6?Ep?3.4 MeV) during 1973--1974 in the heliocentric radial range 1--5 AU. Sixty percent of the EPE peak within ¿5 hours of a corotating interaction region (CIR) boundary, while 19% peak inside and 21% peak outside the interaction regions. Of the CIR boundaries at which an EPE peaks within ¿5 hours, 80% have associated shocks. The observed intensities and pitch angle distributions of protons near shock fronts are consistent with a theoretical similation of the acceleration of protons by a ∇ ‖ B ‖ drift in a V¿B electric field at the shock front.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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