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Grebowsky 1981
Grebowsky, J.M. (1981). Meteoric ion production near Jupiter. Journal of Geophysical Research 86: doi: 10.1029/JA086iA03p01537. issn: 0148-0227.

The effects of meteoroids on the Jovian ionosphere are explored through model calculations of the Fe+ production rates associated with these particles. Dohnanyi's meteoroid mass distribution law appropriate to the near-earth environment is extrapolated to Jupiter. For a possible meteoroid spatial density at Jupiter 10 times that at the earth, gravitational focusing could produce a cumulative meteoroid flux into the Jovian atmosphere nearly 3 orders of magnitude greater than in that the earth's atmosphere. The spatial density at Jupiter may also be down to an order of magnitude smaller. For this maximum meteoroid flux, assuming chondritic characteristics and using an ionization probability for Fe impacting H2 estimated as 0.3 times that for measured interactions with air, the ablation and impact ionization rates for Fe and Fe+ were computed. The Fe+ impact ionization rate with the Jovian atmosphere peaks above the mesopause with a magnitude ~0.5 cm-3 s-1 and is much less than the ambient ionosphere photoionization rates near the late afternoon Pioneer 10 ionosphere occultation. Charge exchange of the ablated neutral Fe atoms with ambient ions can result in an Fe+ production rate of ~10-1 s-3 which is comparable to the ambient rates. Photoionization of metallic atoms is ignorable compared to charge exchange as a source of Fe+. Ignoring transport, steady state Fe+ density maxima of ~104 or 106 cm-3. can be maintained when Fe+ loss is through radiative association or radiative recombination, respectively. Even if one uses an estimated lower limit to the incident meteoroid flux based on a meteoroid spatial density which does not vary with distance from the sun, the corresponding Fe+ peak densities are ~103 and 5¿105 cm-3, respectively. Hence meteoric ion densities may be significant in the lower ionosphere of Jupiter.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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