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Detailed Reference Information
Haff et al. 1981
Haff, P.K., Watson, C.C. and Yung, Y. L. (1981). Sputter ejection of matter from Io. Journal of Geophysical Research 86: doi: 10.1029/JA086iA08p06933. issn: 0148-0227.

The direct collisional interaction of magnetospheric particles with Io will lead to sputtering of atoms and molecules from the satellite into circum-Jovian space. The ~520-eV O) ions composing the Io torus are the most effective agents for net sputter removal of matter from the satellite. An incident flux of ~1010 cm-2 s-1 is estimated to provide ~5¿1010 S atoms cm-2 s-1 from sputtering of a (dayside) atmosphere with an exobase at a few hundred kilometers and up to ~1012 S atoms cm-2 s-1 from an atmosphere at 1500¿K with an exobase at ~2.2 Rlo. The supply of S (and O) required to stabilize the torus has been estimated by others to be from 1010 cm-2 s-1. If Na and K are present in the atmosphere at a concentration level of 1%, the corresponding sputtering rates are calculated to be a few times 108 cm-2 s-1 for an exobase at several hundred kilometers. These numbers are large enough to supply the 107 cm-2 s-1 fluxes required to maintain the Na and K clouds. Sputtering can also remove heavy molecules, like Sn, from the atmosphere. At night, direct S sputtering of the unprotected surface is calculated to eject S and Na (1% concentration) at rates given approximately by ~1010 and ~108 cm-2 s-1, respectively. All atomic species residing on the surface must be ejected into circum-Jovian space at a rate approximately proportional to their (surface) abundances, if direct surface sputtering occurs, so that the particle content of the inner Jovian magnetosphere should map rather faithfully all species present on lo's surface. The processes of plume sputtering, avalanche cascadeing, and ionic saltation may lead to spatial and temporal variations in the number of ejected particles.

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