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Stamnes 1981
Stamnes, K. (1981). On the two-stream approach to electron transport and thermalization. Journal of Geophysical Research 86: doi: 10.1029/JA086iA04p02405. issn: 0148-0227.

An explicit solution to the electron transport and energy degradation problem is presented in the two-stream approximation. The validity of this simple approach is discussed, and it is shown that it can be extended to high electron energies (appropriate for applications to auroras) provided the coupling between the two streams, described by the backscatter ratio, is correctly estimated. A simple formula for the backscatter ratio which can be used at all energies is derived.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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