Although proton acceleration often is observed in interplanetary shocks, electron acceleration rarely has been reported. In contrast, many of the shocks identified so far by instruments on the ISEE 3 spacecraft show significant increases in the spin averaged electron flux at energies greater than 2 keV. At 2 keV, the spin averaged electron flux usually increased by a factor of 2 to 3 but on several occasions increased to more than 10 times its preshock level. Often, the behavior of the electrons is similar to higher energy (several MeV) proton spikes: the electrons are field aligned before the shock and are highly anisotropic with the flux maximum perpendicular to the magnetic field at the shock and immediately after the shock. This is the signature of the shock drift model of acceleration where the gradient in the magnetic field causes the particles to move in the direction of lower potenital energy in the convection electric field. Given that a primary assumption of the shock drift model is that the gyroradius is much larger than the shock thickness, and that this assumption is invalid for electrons, it is initally surprising that electrons and ions can act similarly at shocks. A closer look shows that by conserving the first adiabatic invariant, electrons obey the same expressions for reflected and transmitted paricles as ions. |