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Horowitz et al. 1982
Horowitz, J.L., Baugher, C.R., Chappell, C.R., Shelley, E.G. and Young, D.T. (1982). Conical pitch angle distributions of very-low energy ion fluxes observed by ISEE 1. Journal of Geophysical Research 87. doi: 10.1029/JA087iA04p02311. issn: 0148-0227.

Observations of low-energy ionospheric ions by the plasma composition experiment abroad ISEE 1 often show conical pitch angle distributions, that is, peak fluxes between 0¿ and 90¿ to the directions parallel or antiparallel to the magnetic field. Frequently, all three primary ionospheric ion species (H+, He+, and O+) simultaneously exhibit conical distributions with peak fluxes at essentially the same pitch angle. A distinction is made here between unidirectional, or streaming, distributions, in which ions are traveling essentially from only one hemisphere, and symmetrical distributions, in which significant fluxes are observed traveling from both hemispheres. The orbital coverage for this survey was largely restricted to the night sector, approximately 2100--0600 LT, and moderate geomagnetic latitudes of 20¿--40¿. Also, lack of complete pitch angle coverage at all times may have reduced detection for conics with small cone angles. However, we may conclude that the unidirectional conical distributions observed in the northern hemisphere are always observed to be traveling from the northern hemisphere and that they exhibit the following characteristics relative to the symmetric distributions, in that they (1) are typically observed on higher L shells (that is, higher geomagnetic latitudes or larger geocentric distances or both), (2) tend to have significantly larger cone angles, and (3), are associated with higher magnetic activity levels.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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