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Walker & Southwood 1982
Walker, R.J. and Southwood, D.J. (1982). Momentum balance and flux conservation in model magnetospheric magnetic fields. Journal of Geophysical Research 87. doi: 10.1029/JA087iA09p07460. issn: 0148-0227.

We have tested four recent quantitative magnetospheric magnetic field models to determine whether the magnetic field configuration is consistent with a balance of forces between the J¿B force and the gradient of the pressure. A necessary condition for the models to be consistent with an isotropic pressure distribution is that curl (J¿B) vanish. None of the models (Olson-Pfitzer, Tsyganenko, Hedgecock-Thomas, and Beard) meet this requirement: Our analysis indicates that the models are intrinsically inconsistent with momentum balance with any isotropic pressure distribution. We have also, for purposes of comparison, examined ∇⋅B. In certain models this can be nonzero.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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