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Eviatar et al. 1983
Eviatar, A., McNutt, R.L., Siscoe, G.L. and Sullivan, J.D. (1983). Heavy ions in the outer Kronian magnetosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 88: doi: 10.1029/JA088iA02p00823. issn: 0148-0227.

Data from the plasma science experiment on Voyager 1 show the existence of a cold heavy ion component in the plasma populating the outer Kronian magnetosphere (L≈15). The mass resolution is not sufficient to determine unambiguously whether the ions are oxygen (O+ mass 16) or nitrogen (N+ mass 14). If the former, their most probable origin is sputtering off the rings and icy satellites, which lie well inside the site of observation. Outward transport is therefore required. If the latter, the most probable source is the plume of Titan, and inward transport to the observing site is required. The near-resonant charge exchange reaction between oxygen ions and hydrogen atoms in the neutral hydrogen torus of Titan makes it most probable that the heavy ions are nitrogen from Titan. Mass loading of the outer magnetosphere by ions from Titan impedes corotation but to a somewhat lesser extent than would be expected on the basis of the inferred source strength of Titan and the Pedersen conductance of the ionosphere of Saturn. However, the disagreement falls within the combined reasonable uncertainties in the governing parameters. The presence of heavy ions tends to exclude hydrogen ions from the equator, since lighter ions 'float' to the top in the centrifugal potential. We speculate that depletion of heavy ions near L=14 by charge exchange with neutral hydrogen may be the cause of the observed absence of hydrogen ions off the equator in this region.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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