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Hudson et al. 1983
Hudson, M.K., Lotko, W., Roth, I. and Witt, E. (1983). Solitary waves and double layers on auroral field lines. Journal of Geophysical Research 88: doi: 10.1029/JA088iA02p00916. issn: 0148-0227.

Time stationary solutions to the Vlasov-Poisson equations for ion holes and double layers are examined along with particle simulations that pertain to recent observations of small amplitude eϕ/Te~1 electric field structures on auroral field lines. Both the time stationary analysis and the simulations suggest that the observed double layers evolve from holes in ion phase space. Multiple small amplitude double layers, as seen in long simulation systems, are observed to propagate past the spacecraft and may account for the acceleration of plasma sheet electrons to produce inverted-V precipitation.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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