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Parks & Katz 1983
Parks, D.E. and Katz, I. (1983). Mechanisms That Limit Potentials on Ionospheric Satellites. Journal of Geophysical Research 88: doi: 10.1029/JA080i011p09155. issn: 0148-0227.

For spinning satellites with dielectric coatings it is shown that the currents of rotating charge embedded in the dielectric surface can play a role in limiting the spacecraft ground potential of an ionospheric satellite relative to the surrounding plasma. Such currents, as well as small concentrations of H+, can account for previous discrepancies of more than a factor of 2 between measured and calculated potentials of satellites in the region of the ionosphere where O+ is dominant. More current as result from spin and conduction stems from the extremely small ion currents impinging on the wakeside of the satellite. Finally, theoretical estimates based on a newly described constant of the motion of a particle indicate that accounting for small concentrations of H+ remove the major discrepancy between calculated and measured currents on the wakeside of the AE-C satellite.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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