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Gérard et al. 1984
Gérard, J.-C., Roble, R.G., Rusch, D.W. and Stewart, A.I. (1984). The global distribution of thermospheric odd nitrogen for solstice conditions during solar cycle minimum. Journal of Geophysical Research 89: doi: 10.1029/JA089iA03p01727. issn: 0148-0227.

A two-dimensional model of the minor neutral constituents N(2D), N(4S), and NO from 70 to 360 km is formulated and used to investigate the global distributions of these species for December solstice conditions during solar cycle minimum. For background properties the zonally averaged circulation, temperature, and compositional structure of major neutral constituents in the thermosphere are obtained from the coupled dynamical chemical mmodel calculations of Roble and Kastings (this issue). Transport of the minor neutral constituents by both the meridional and vertical circulation and vertical molecular and eddy diffusion are considered in the model. The calculated distributions of the minor neutral constituents for solar ionization only and for solar plus auroral ionization are considered. The results show that the summer-to-winter pole meridional circulation transports both NO and N(4S) across the solar terminator into the polar night region where there is a downward vertical transport toward the mesosphere. The calculated latitudinal distribution of NO in the lower thermosphere for the solar-ionization-only case does not agree with the latitudinal NO distribution usually measured by the Atmosphere Explorer satellites. To obtain agreement between the calculated and observed structure, it is necessary to include ionization and dissociation sources due to auroral particle precipitation. The temperature and compositional structure and the circulation changes caused by high-latitude heating and the particle-induced production of N(2D) and N(4S) all combine to bring the calculated NO structure into better agreement with observations. The choice of the eddy diffusion coefficient critically controls the downward flow of themospheric nitric oxide into the mesosphere. The model shows that the odd nitrogen densities at high winter latitudes are entirely controlled by particle precipitation and transport processes.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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