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Baumjohann et al. 1985
Baumjohann, W., Haerendel, G. and Melzner, F. (1985). Magnetospheric convection observed between 0600 and 2100 LT: variations with Kp. Journal of Geophysical Research 90: doi: 10.1029/JA090iA01p00393. issn: 0148-0227.

Using data from the GEOS 2 electron gun experiment, we have constructed average patterns of the convective flow of plasma in the equatorial plane at L=6.6 between 0600 and 2100 LT and for Kp ranging between 0 and 4. During very quiet conditions (Kp=0--1) the plasma flows predominantly westward with an outward component before noon and an inward component thereafter. The most likely dominant agent for this kind of convection is the atmospheric dynamo electric field. For moderate activity (Kp=3--4) the plasma flows as predicted by a Volland-Stern-type dawn-to-dusk cross-tail electric field model (if the atmospheric dynamo effect is subtracted) with a shaping factor close to 3 and the axis of symmetry rotated toward earlier local times. The shielding of the cross-tail electric field from the inner magnetosphere seems to be somewhat weaker on the dayside than on the eveningside. During times of Kp=2 sunward convection and atmospheric dynamo effect seem to compete, i.e., sunward convection prevails, but our average pattern apparently is still substantially influenced by the atmospheric dynamo field.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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