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Rodriguez 1985
Rodriguez, P. (1985). Long duration lion roars associated with quasi-perpendicular bow shocks. Journal of Geophysical Research 90: doi: 10.1029/JA090iA01p00241. issn: 0148-0227.

A statistical study of the plasma waves known as lion roars shows that long duration lion roars (>5 min) are often detected immediately behind or in the nearby downstream region of subsolar quasi-perpendicular bow shocks. The long duration lion roars (LDLR) are associated with relatively ordered magnetosheath conditions as indicated by lower-than-normal magnetic field variances and higher-than-normal magnetic field intensities. These statistical results suggest that the relatively ordered downstream conditions associated with quasi-perpendicular bow shocks are conducive to nearly continuous lion roar emissions. The LDLR exhibit field-aligned propagation, as indicated by wave fluctuation amplitudes that minimize in directions parallel to the magnetic field. The distribution of LDLR frequencies f with respect to the electron gyrofrequency fge peaks at f/ fge ≂0.25. The propagation direction and frequency ratio is consistent with previous identification of lion roars as whistler waves. By using the whistler dispersion relation and assuming field-aligned propagation, magnetosheath plasma densities during the occurrence of LDLR can be calculated. The distribution of densities thus determined is consistent with the enhanced plasma densities of the flow downstream of quasi-perpendicular bow shocks. The source of LDLR has not been determined; however, instabilities related to temperature anisotropy in thermal or beam electrons are possible candidates.

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Abstract

Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
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