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Bavassano-Cattaneo et al. 1986
Bavassano-Cattaneo, M.B., Tsurutani, B.T., Smith, E.J. and Lin, R.P. (1986). Subcritical and supercritical interplanetary shocks: magnetic field and energetic particle observations. Journal of Geophysical Research 91: doi: 10.1029/JA080i011p11929. issn: 0148-0227.

We have studied 34 forward interplanetary shocks observed by ISEE 3 during 1978 and 1979. Magnetic field and high-energy particle data have been used, and for each shock the first critical Mach number has been determined. The first surprising result is that the majority of the observed shocks appear to be supercritical, and consistent with their supercritical character, many shocks have a foot and/or an overshoot in the magnetic field structure. Large-amplitude low-frequency waves (period ~20 s in the spacecraft frame) are commonly observed upstream of all supercritical shocks (except for a few quasi-perpendicular shocks) and also upstream of the few subcritical shocks. Intense particle events are frequently observed at many shocks: spikes at quasi-perpendicular shocks and energetic storm particle events associated with quasi-parallel shocks can be comparably intense. The correlation of the high-energy particle peak flux with various shock parameters is in agreement with the acceleration mechanisms proposed by previous studies.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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