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Yelle et al. 1986
Yelle, R.V., Sandel, B.R., Shemansky, D.E. and Kumar, S. (1986). Altitude variation of EUV emissions and evidence for proton precipitation at low latitudes in the saturnian atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 91: doi: 10.1029/JA091iA08p08756. issn: 0148-0227.

Extreme ultraviolet observations of Saturn from Voyager 1 and 2 are analyzed. The Lyman alpha and H2 band emissions extend throughout the upper atmosphere, from the hydrocarbon homopause to well above the exobase. Analysis of the Lyman alpha emissions with a radiative transfer model indicates that the Lyman alpha source temperature is very high. This suggests that energetic protons of hydrogen atoms are responsible for a fraction of the emissions. Calculation of the solar-scattered component of the emissions based on the neutral atmosphere of Smith et al. (1983) reveals that only 1--2 kR out of a total of 3.5 kR of the observed Lyman alpha intensity is due to solar scatter for the Voyager 2 disc observations; the remainder of the Lyman alpha emissions are collisionally excited. The Lyman alpha and H2 bands are constant in longitude but decreases in local time by a factor of 2 from dawn to dusk. This correlation of the Lyman alpha and H2 band intensities is further evidence that most of the Lyman alpha is collisionally excited.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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