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Thelin et al. 1990
Thelin, B., Aparicio, B. and Lundin, R. (1990). Observations of upflowing ionospheric ions in the mid-altitude cusp/cleft region with the Viking satellite. Journal of Geophysical Research 95: doi: 10.1029/90JA00098. issn: 0148-0227.

Measurements of positive ions (0.1--10 keV) from the polar-orbiting Viking satellite have been obtained in the cusp/cleft region and have been tabulated in MLT versus invariant latitude plots to get a synoptic picture of the occurrence of upgoing auroral positive ions. A distinction was made between ion distributions with peak fluxes along B (ion beam) and those exhibiting flux maxima that are not field-aligned (conics). Both beams and conics are shown to be common auroral phenomena, whose frequencies of occurrence in MLT, invariant latitude, and altitude were studied. During the period of study (March--June 1986) The ion beams were more frequent (about a factor of 2) in the dusk sector than in the dawn sector. The ion conics, however, were more frequent (about 2--3 times) in the dawn sector than in the dusk sector. This effect seemed to increase with magnetic activity but was mostly unchanged with the sign of the interplanetary magnetic field By component. An investigation was also made of the invariant latitude dependence for beams and conics, where the dawn sector beams have a tendency to be located toward higher invariant latitudes for both positive and negative By components. The ion beams were observed primarily above 5000 km with a frequency of occurrence increasing with altitude up to the satellite apogee at about 13,500 km. The ion conics were observed from above 7000 km to be steadily increasing in altitude. ¿ American Geophysical Union 1990

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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