Repeated surface wave group velocity measurements over the same paths were made by using large aftershocks of several great (M>7) earthquakes recently occurred in China. Multiple-filter technique was applied to the properly rotated three-component digital data from Seismological Research Observatory stations, so that both Rayleigh and Love wave dispersion data were obtained over a number of paths crossing various tectonic provinces of China. In several cases, higher-mode data were also derived. An estimate of uncertainty of these dispersion data was obtained from the repeated measurements with identical source-receiver geometry. The generalized surface wave inversion technique was applied to those multimode dispersion data, and crustal and upper mantle structures were derived for various tectonic provinces of China. The results clearly demonstrate that the Chinese mainland is far from being laterally homogeneous, the lateral heterogeneities closely reflect the tectonic developments in the recent past. A particularly unusual crustal and upper mantle structure is found underlying the Tibet plateau.