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Kawakami et al. 1983
Kawakami, S., Mizutani, H., Takagi, Y., Kato, M. and Kumazawa, M. (1983). Impact experiments on ice. Journal of Geophysical Research 88: doi: 10.1029/JB088iB07p05806. issn: 0148-0227.

The results of cratering and fragmentation experiments on pure ice are reported. The projectiles used are cylindrical aluminium, poly-carbonate, teflon, and pyrophyllite fired at velocities between 110 m/sec and 6800 m/sec, with kinetics energies at impact between 2 and 500 joules. Crater diameters (pit diameters) in the ice were about two times larger than craters in the same energy range in basalts. The ratios of (pit diameter)/ (spall diameter) are about three and the ratios of (depth of crater)/(spall diameter) are between 0.1 and 0.3 which are close to the depth/diameter ratios observed in basalts. The crater diameter in ice is also well expressed as a single function of the ''latestage effective energy'' defined recently by Mizutani et al. <1983>. The specific energy for complete destruction of the ice target is about 50 J/kg which is two orders of magnitude smaller than that of basalt. The present experimental data on cratering and fragmentation of ice show that the impacts associated with the largest craters on Callisto and Mimas must have severely fractured the whole satellites, and that those giant impacts with the kinetic energy of 1023 to 1027 joules probably affected signficantly the evolution of the satellites.

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Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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