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Davis 1983
Davis, P.M. (1983). Surface deformation associated with a dipping hydrofracture. Journal of Geophysical Research 88: doi: 10.1029/JB088iB07p05826. issn: 0148-0227.

Crustal deformation associated with hydrofracture is modeled by a dipping rectangular dislocation beneath the surface of an elastic half space. The Burger's vector is taken normal to the rectangular surface. Analytical expressions for vertical displacements are obtained from integration of Volterra's equation by using Mindlin's point force solutions for the elastic halfspace. In the limits of 0¿ and 90¿ dip, the results agree with those obtained by Maruyama (1964) for Poisson's ratio 0.25. Expressions for arbitrary Poisson's ratio are given. For elongate dislocations the displacement field agrees with curves given by Pollard and Holzhausen (1979) for two-dimensional, near surface fractures at various dips. At dip=0¿, deep square dislocation gives displacements indistinguishable from those of Sun's (1969) model of a horizontal, penny shaped crack beneath the surface of an elastic half-space. Modifying his result for shallow depths shows that they correspond to a dislocation of semi-elliptical cross-section with the surface displacement field asymptotically approaching a semi-elliptical shape as depth decreases to zero. Similarly, the surface displacement field of the square dislocation approaches that of its rectangular cross-section. Nonlinear inversion of surface tilt fields, associated with hydrofracture of deep boreholes, gives estimates of fracture geometry, position, and orientation along with their uncertainties. Two examples are presented, one of a near horizontal and one of a near vertical fracture.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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