Thermal infrared spectroscopy has become an increasingly important tool for remote compositional analysis and geologic mapping. Most published laboratory measurements have been obtained in bidirectional reflection or transmission, whereas remotely sensed thermal infrared data are obtained by measuring the emitted energy. Section 2 of this paper describes a laboratory technique for determining calibrated emissivities of natural surfaces. Equations are developed to account for the energy reflected from the environment and to determine directly the sample temperature from measurements of hot and cold blackbody targets. Two methods for determining emissivity are developed: one in which only a hot sample measurement is made and the reflected background energy is removed by modeling, and a second in which the sample is cooled and the reflected energy is measured directly. Relative emissivity can be obtained to approximately 1% and absolute emissivities can be obtained to 2--15%, depending on the validity of the assumption that the emissivity of the sample is unity at some wavelength.

The emission data agree well with the hemispherically integrated reflection data but point out problems associated with bidirectional reflectance measurements. Section 3 applies emissivity measurements to the study of layered surfaces consisting of desert varnish coatings on granite and granodiorite rock suites. Two linear models are developed: the first assumes linear mixing of independent emission from the substrate and varnish (checkerboard model); the second models transmission through an absorbing/emitting medium. Regardless of whether the varnish is or is not relatively transparent and strongly absorptive, the spectral effect of varnish increases linearly with varnish thickness, indicating that thick patches of varnish dominate the spectral properties. As a result, median varnish thickness can be determined from spectral measurements. In addition, the composition of a substrate can be estimated through varnish layers up to 40--50 μm in median thickness, and the composition of the varnish material can be determined if the substrate material is known. The varnishes studied are composed primarily of clay materials, consistent with previous studies of varnish composition. ¿ American Geophysical Union 1993