Microstructural changes of partially molten media under deviatoric stress were investigated in a newly developed apparatus by deforming a large sample (a 70-mm cube) under a uniform pure shear stress. Borneol+melt system having a moderate dihedral angle and texturally equilibrated under hydrostatic stress was used as a partially molten rock analogue. The applied stress was small enough not to involve cataclastic-plastic deformation of the solid grains. Shear strain rate was about 10-8 s-1, and a stress exponent indicative of diffusion creep was obtained. During the deformation, sample microstructure was observed in situ by means of ultrasonic shear waves. The development of stress-induced anisotropy was successfully detected by shear wave splitting. The results obtained indicate that grain boundary contiguity in the direction of the least compressive stress (&sgr;3) was reduced with respect to the equilibrium texture and also that the relative values of liquid pressure and &sgr;3 play an essential role for development of anisotropy. The developed anisotropy persisted as long as deviatoric stress was applied, but the initial isotropic structure was recovered by releasing this stress. Several interesting phenomena were involved in the structural change; these include shear creep-induced dilatancy, strong dependence of the timescale of structural recovery on the amount of deformation (memory effect), and relaxation creep after releasing stress. Scaling considerations using the Griffith theory shows that the structural changes observed in the present experimental system are expected to occur in the Earth as well. ¿ 2001 American Geophysical Union