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Takagi 1975
Takagi, M. (1975). Polarization of VHF radiation from lightning discharges. Journal of Geophysical Research 80: doi: 10.1029/JC080i036p05011. issn: 0148-0227.

Polarizations of VHF radiation from nearby lightning discharges were observed by using half-wavelength dipole antennas. The intensity ratios of horizontal to vertical polarizations for each lightning flash are very scattered and ranged mostly between -2 and +8 dB. On the average, the horizontal to vertical ratios for cloud flashes are 2 or 3 dB higher than ground flashes. This is probably due to the difference in height between the VHF sources in both types of flashes. Active thunderstorms which generate frequent flashes give relatively high horizontal to vertical ratios. These results suggest that the fundamental process generating VHF radiation is a group of minute discharges of almost random orientation in a cloud.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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