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leise & Taylor 1977
leise, J.A. and Taylor, W.L. (1977). A transmission line model with general velocities for lightning. Journal of Geophysical Research 82: doi: 10.1029/JC082i003p00391. issn: 0148-0227.

A transmission line model which incoporates general discharge velocities is presented, and formulas for the current and charge densities are derived. The resultant formulas for the electromagnetic fields are given in a from applicable to intercloud and intracloud discharges. A spectral study of a vertical discharge results in a velocity equation. This equations relates the velocity of ionization of the discharge to the current at the base of the discharge and the radiation field of the sferic. Analysis of a dimensionless parameter for a Bruce-Golde type discharge and an example suggest that vertical discharges may become horizontal after entering the cloud.

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Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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