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Kovacs & Morey 1978
Kovacs, A. and Morey, R.M. (1978). Radar Anisotropy of sea ice due to preferred Azimuthal orientation of the horizontal c axes of ice crystals. Journal of Geophysical Research 83: doi: 10.1029/JC080i012p06037. issn: 0148-0227.

Results of impulse radar, ice crystal c axis, and subice current measurements on the fast ice near Narwhal Island, Alaska, are presented. The crystal structure of the ice was found to have a horizontal crystal c axis with a preferred azimuthal orientation. This orientation was found to align with the direction of the current at the ice-water interface. Impluse radar reflection measurements revealed that the preferred orientation of the sea ice crystal structure behaved as a microwave polarizer. It was observed that when the antenna E field was oriented parallel with the c axis of the crystal platelets, a strong reflection of the radar signal from the bottom of the ice was obtained. However, when the antenna E field was oriented perpendicular to the c axis, no bottom reflection was detected. The results of this study fully support earlier reports of sea ice inhomogeneity and anisotropy in reference to both structure and electromagnetic energy transmission.

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Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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