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Blanchard & Hoffman 1978
Blanchard, D.C. and Hoffman, E.J. (1978). Control of jet drop dynamics by organic material in seawater. Journal of Geophysical Research 83: doi: 10.1029/JC080i012p06187. issn: 0148-0227.

The ejection height of jet drops from bubbles bursting in seawater has been found to be a function of the time spent by the bubble rising to the surface. During this time, absorption to the bubble of the surface active species of organic material in the water lowers the bubble surface free energy, the source of the kinetic energy of the jet drops. Experiments with a bubble aging tube have shown that the time rate of change of drop ejection height is a function of not only the amount of organic carbon in seawater but the species as well. Since changes in drop ejection height are paralleled by changes in drop size the possibility exists that organics in the sea can play a role in modifying the drop size spectrum produced by the sea. On the other hand, the modification may be minimal, since the organic effect is most pronounced on the larger bubbles (about 1-mm diameter) and less so on the smaller and more numerous bubbles produced by natural processes in the sea.

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Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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