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Kuhn 1978
Kuhn, W.R. (1978). The effects of cloud height, thickness, and overlap on tropospheric terrestrial radiation. Journal of Geophysical Research 83: doi: 10.1029/JC083iC03p01337. issn: 0148-0227.

The infrared radiation reaching the earth's surface, the outgoing radiation at 50 mbar, and the tropospheric infrared flux divergence have been calculated for various cloud covers, heights, thickness, and amount of cloud overlap. The results are presented in a series of diagrams. For comparable cloud covers their effects on the downward surface flux and flux divergence decreass toward lower latitudes because of the shielding by larger water vapor amounts. Surface flux due to cloud cover in the tropical model is increased by as much as 10%, while during winter in the subarctic the increase may amount to 60% of the clear value. Tropospheric flux divergence can either increase or decrease depending on cloud height; for clouds below approximately 500 mbar the divergence increases, and in the polar regions with clouds very near the surface this increase can reach values about 80% larger than the divergence for clear skies. The degree of cloud overlap causes as much as a 3% uncertainty in downward flux in the tropics, but in polar latitudes during winter the uncertainty is 26% for two cloud layers each covering 50% of the sky. The water vapor continuum and temperature-dependent transmission functions should be considered if fluxes and flux divergences are required to an accuracy of about 10%.

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Abstract

Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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