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Keesee et al. 1979
Keesee, R.G., Lee, N. and Castleman, A.W. (1979). Atmospheric negative ion hydration derived from laboratory results and comparison to rocket-borne measurements in the lower ionosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 84: doi: 10.1029/JC084iC07p03719. issn: 0148-0227.

Recent laboratory results on the hydration of CO3- and HCO3- are extrapolated to atmospheric conditions to determine the extent of hydration of these ions in the stratosphere and lower ionosphere. Comparison with rocket-borne measurements in the lower ionosphere is made. It is concluded that in the normal nighttime lower ionosphere, monohydrates or dihydrates of the atmospheric negative ions CO3-, HCO3-, and NO3- should be prevalent; however, the extent of hydration is sensitive to atmospheric temperature.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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